REPCO

{
    key:"uid": string:"eayukgssdtbvargs7pdamfxidxw",
    key:"title": {
        key:"en": {
            key:"value": string:"Is Ukraine’s energy infrastructure ready for the upcoming winter?"
        }
    },
    key:"subtitle": {
        key:"en": {
            key:"value": string:""
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    },
    key:"summary": {
        key:"en": {
            key:"value": string:"<I>This winter naturally poses a raft of challenges for Ukraine as it continues its fight against Moscow’s invasion. Indeed, conditions during the previous two winters only exacerbated issues on the front line. Despite this, problems related to infrastructure may make the coming months especially difficult for Kyiv.</I>"
        }
    },
    key:"content": {
        key:"en": {
            key:"value": string:"<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">As the Russians continue their full-scale invasion of Ukraine, another crisis is afoot. According to several news outlets, Ukraine’s energy infrastructure may not be ready for the upcoming winter.</span></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">In a recent report, the Royal United Services Institute think tank </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/bracing-hardest-winter-protecting-ukraines-energy-infrastructure\">stated</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> that the Ukrainians are “bracing for [their] hardest winter”. Meanwhile, the Associated Press </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-energy-russia-airstrikes-greenpeace-1dfe7e60d4f9291f1196afda1a19373a\">said</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> that Ukraine will face its “hardest winter due to intensified Russian attacks on energy infrastructure”.</span></p>\n<p>There are several reasons to raise the alarm about the state of Ukraine’s energy infrastructure. As Europe approaches the coming winter, Ukraine’s energy sector finds itself at risk. When Russia’s full-scale invasion began in February 2024, the Russians <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984l87l2w6o\">captured and controlled</a> the <a href=\"https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/04/europes-largest-nuclear-plant-shuts-down-after-a-russian-attack\">Zaporizhzhia</a> Nuclear Power Plant (ZNPP), a large energy provider in Ukraine. Following these events, the Russians <a href=\"https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/one-year-on-russia-continues-ecological-warfare-in-ukraine\">shelled</a> the ZNPP. This alarmed the United Nations, the International Atomic Energy Agency, and the Nuclear Energy Agency.</p>\n<p>Furthermore, the Russians have <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/europe/russia-ukraine-nuclear-zelensky-un-intl/index.html\">destroyed</a> numerous thermal power plants across Ukraine. The Russians have also targeted Ukraine’s hydroelectric capacity. Finally, Russia has <a href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/0904/russia-attack-ukrainian-electric-grid\">launched</a> numerous strikes on Ukrainian power grids.</p>\n<p>This devastation has taken a significant toll on Ukraine’s energy infrastructure. If the Ukrainians cannot repair damaged or destroyed energy facilities ahead of the winter, then they will be in a challenging situation.</p>\n<p>The Ukrainians have dealt with cold winters even when the Russians have tampered with Kyiv’s energy and gas supplies. But with the constant shelling of facilities in the country, the Ukrainians have found themselves in a more difficult situation.</p>\n<p>Since the Russian full-scale invasion, Ukraine has had to conserve energy. There have been <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">reports of blackouts</a> in various regions across the country to conserve heat and electricity. This winter may be more brutal, and residents will need to conserve their energy as it is estimated that blackouts could reach up to <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">20 hours per day</a>. In other words, the race is on for Ukraine to ensure that its energy sector is prepared to make it through another harsh winter.</p>\n<p>For Ukraine, these energy risks are nothing new. Prior to the full-scale invasion in 2022, the Ukrainians were subjected to Russian attacks on their energy sector. For example, in 2015, the Ukrainians <a href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ir-alert-h-16-056-01\">experienced power outages</a> in the dead of winter in December 2015. It was soon discovered that Russia had launched a cyber-attack on Ukraine’s energy infrastructure. Thousands of Ukrainians were temporarily left without power. Then, in 2016, the Russians <a href=\"https://jsis.washington.edu/news/cyberattack-critical-infrastructure-russia-ukrainian-power-grid-attacks/\">launched</a> a similar cyber-attack when they tampered with Kyiv’s energy supplies. Since then, Russian cyber-attacks on Ukrainian energy infrastructure have become common.</p>\n<p>These events have helped Ukraine strengthen its energy infrastructure, and the country has enhanced its cyber defences. But these improvements did not stand a chance against Russia’s aerial bombardments. Since 2022, the Ukrainians have worked hard to try and address the issues caused by Russian missile strikes, especially during the winter months.</p>\n<p>Ukraine previously succeeded during the previous two winters, but this time will be different. To date, Russian bombardments have <a href=\"https://time.com/7008613/ukraine-russia-power-sector-frontline/#:~:text=Some%2060%25%20of%20Ukraine's%20power,reach%2020%20hours%20per%20day.\">destroyed</a> 60 per cent of Ukraine’s power generation capacity. Furthermore, Ukraine is enduring its worst rolling blackouts since the start of the Russian full-scale invasion in February 2022.</p>\n<p>Ukrainians are working urgently to address these concerns. One option is to <a href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/11/russia-attacks-ukraine-energy-infrastructure-power-plants-electricity/\">rebuild</a> their damaged and destroyed energy facilities. At the same time, others have <a href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/23/winter-and-the-bumpy-road-ahead-for-ukraine\">turned</a> to the option of nuclear energy to stabilize the country’s power supply during this critical period.</p>\n<p>But there are several challenges with these approaches. First, Ukraine lacks sufficient anti-aircraft systems and ammunition to <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/22/europe-struggles-to-strengthen-ukraine-s-air-defense-system_6669152_4.html\">defend itself</a> against Russian attacks. This leaves its infrastructure exposed and it also complicates reconstruction efforts. Furthermore, Ukraine is still subjected to Russian bombardments. If Ukraine is unable to protect its energy infrastructure from Moscow’s current and future attacks, then these reconstruction efforts would be meaningless. After all, this infrastructure would only be destroyed again in a Russian attack. The threat of attacks on these rebuilding efforts also makes it difficult for Ukraine to raise money through investments for these reconstruction efforts.</p>\n<p>These challenges cannot be ignored. However, the Ukrainians may have options on how to boost their energy-generating capacity ahead of winter. For example, Ukraine could seek to enhance its greater power grid interconnectivity. When the Russian invasion of Ukraine <a href=\"https://euobserver.com/news/ar8ec3bccc\">began</a>, “the Ukrainians <a href=\"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/2-years-ukraine-and-moldova-synchronised-electricity-grids-eu-2024-03-15_en\">synchronised</a> their electricity grids with the Continental European Network. This has helped Ukraine ‘<a href=\"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/37851\">stabilise its electricity system</a>’.” It has also made Ukraine’s energy sector less reliant on Russia. Pursuing other avenues to cut ties with Russian energy while strengthening integration with Europe could be effective.</p>\n<p>Second, decentralized energy systems may help Ukraine’s energy issues. For example, constructing <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">decentralized energy sources</a> would make Ukrainian energy infrastructure less susceptible to Russian attacks. Local municipalities have <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">deployed</a> small gas turbines to power homes, hospitals and essential services. While this is a temporary solution for Ukraine to prepare for the upcoming winter, the Ukrainians will need to work with energy experts to establish a long-term solution.</p>\n<p>In short, Ukraine is racing against time to prepare for a potentially bleak winter. Prioritizing the resilience of Ukraine’s energy infrastructure is essential. The Ukrainian government must take actions to ensure that energy demands are met across the country. This should include hardening critical energy facilities against cyber-attacks and physical threats, as well as developing contingency plans for rapid power restoration in the case of disruptions. Addressing these issues will help the Ukrainians prepare for the upcoming brutal and bleak winter. Otherwise, Ukraine may suffer.</p>\n<p><strong>Mark Temnycky</strong> is an <a href=\"https://wakelet.com/@MTemnycky\">accredited freelance journalist</a> covering Eurasian affairs and a <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">nonresident fellow</a> at the Atlantic Council Eurasia Center.</p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> </span></p>\n"
        }
    },
    key:"titleTranslations": {
        key:"bg": {
            key:"value": string:"Украинската енергийна инфраструктура готова ли е за предстоящата зима?\n",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"cs": {
            key:"value": string:"Je energetická infrastruktura Ukrajiny připravena na nadcházející zimu?\n",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"de": {
            key:"value": string:"Ist die Energieinfrastruktur der Ukraine bereit für den bevorstehenden Winter?\n",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"el": {
            key:"value": string:"Είναι έτοιμη η ενεργειακή υποδομή της Ουκρανίας για τον επερχόμενο χειμώνα;\n",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"en": {
            key:"value": string:"Is Ukraine’s energy infrastructure ready for the upcoming winter?\n",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"es": {
            key:"value": string:"¿Está lista la infraestructura energética de Ucrania para el próximo invierno?\n",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"fi": {
            key:"value": string:"Onko Ukrainan energiarakenne valmis tulevaan talveen?\n",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"fr": {
            key:"value": string:"La infrastructure énergétique de l'Ukraine est-elle prête pour l'hiver à venir ?\n",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"hr": {
            key:"value": string:"Je li energetska infrastruktura Ukrajine spremna za nadolazeću zimu?\n",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"hu": {
            key:"value": string:"Ukrajna energia-infrastruktúrája készen áll a közelgő télre?\n",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"it": {
            key:"value": string:"È pronta l'infrastruttura energetica dell'Ucraina per l'imminente inverno?\n",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"nl": {
            key:"value": string:"Is de energie-infrastructuur van Oekraïne klaar voor de komende winter?\n",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"pl": {
            key:"value": string:"Czy infrastruktura energetyczna Ukrainy jest gotowa na nadchodzącą zimę?\n",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"pt": {
            key:"value": string:"A infraestrutura de energia da Ucrânia está pronta para o próximo inverno?\n",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"ro": {
            key:"value": string:"Este pregătită infrastructura energetică a Ucrainei pentru iarna care vine?\n",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"ru": {
            key:"value": string:"Техническая инфраструктура Украины готова к предстоящей зиме?\n",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"sk": {
            key:"value": string:"Je energetická infraštruktúra Ukrajiny pripravená na nadchádzajúcu zimu?\n",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"sv": {
            key:"value": string:"Är Ukrainas energiinfrastruktur redo för den kommande vintern?\n",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"tr": {
            key:"value": string:"Ukrayna'nın enerji altyapısı yaklaşan kışa hazır mı?\n",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"uk": {
            key:"value": string:"Чи готова енергетична інфраструктура України до майбутньої зими?\n",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        }
    },
    key:"subtitleTranslations": {
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            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
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    key:"summaryTranslations": {
        key:"bg": {
            key:"value": string:"<i>Тази зима естествено поставя редица предизвикателства пред Украйна, докато продължава борбата си срещу нахлуването на Москва. Всъщност, условията през предходните две зими само влошиха проблемите на фронтовата линия. Въпреки това, проблемите, свързани с инфраструктурата, могат да направят предстоящите месеци особено трудни за Киев.</i>",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"cs": {
            key:"value": string:"<i>Tato zima přirozeně přináší řadu výzev pro Ukrajinu, protože pokračuje ve svém boji proti invazi Moskvy. Skutečně, podmínky během předchozích dvou zim pouze zhoršily problémy na frontě. I přes to mohou problémy související s infrastrukturou učinit nadcházející měsíce pro Kyjev obzvlášť obtížnými.</i>",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"de": {
            key:"value": string:"<i>Dieser Winter stellt natürlich eine Reihe von Herausforderungen für die Ukraine dar, während sie weiterhin gegen die Invasion Moskaus kämpft. Tatsächlich haben die Bedingungen in den letzten beiden Wintern die Probleme an der Front nur verschärft. Trotz alledem könnten Probleme im Zusammenhang mit der Infrastruktur die kommenden Monate besonders schwierig für Kiew machen.</i>",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"el": {
            key:"value": string:"<i>Αυτός ο χειμώνας φυσικά θέτει μια σειρά προκλήσεων για την Ουκρανία καθώς συνεχίζει τον αγώνα της κατά της εισβολής της Μόσχας. Πράγματι, οι συνθήκες κατά τη διάρκεια των προηγούμενων δύο χειμώνων μόνο επιδείνωσαν τα προβλήματα στην πρώτη γραμμή. Παρά ταύτα, τα προβλήματα που σχετίζονται με τις υποδομές μπορεί να κάνουν τους επόμενους μήνες ιδιαίτερα δύσκολους για το Κίεβο.</i>",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"en": {
            key:"value": string:"<i>This winter naturally poses a raft of challenges for Ukraine as it continues its fight against Moscow’s invasion. Indeed, conditions during the previous two winters only exacerbated issues on the front line. Despite this, problems related to infrastructure may make the coming months especially difficult for Kyiv.</i>",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"es": {
            key:"value": string:"<i>Este invierno naturalmente plantea una serie de desafíos para Ucrania mientras continúa su lucha contra la invasión de Moscú. De hecho, las condiciones durante los dos inviernos anteriores solo agravaron los problemas en la línea del frente. A pesar de esto, los problemas relacionados con la infraestructura pueden hacer que los próximos meses sean especialmente difíciles para Kyiv.</i>",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"fi": {
            key:"value": string:"<i>Tämä talvi tuo luonnollisesti mukanaan joukon haasteita Ukrainalle, kun se jatkaa taisteluaan Moskovan hyökkäystä vastaan. Itse asiassa edellisten kahden talven olosuhteet vain pahensivat ongelmia etulinjalla. Tästä huolimatta infrastruktuuriin liittyvät ongelmat saattavat tehdä tulevista kuukausista erityisen vaikeita Kiovalle.</i>",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"fr": {
            key:"value": string:"<i>Cet hiver pose naturellement une multitude de défis pour l'Ukraine alors qu'elle continue son combat contre l'invasion de Moscou. En effet, les conditions des deux hivers précédents n'ont fait qu'exacerber les problèmes sur le front. Malgré cela, les problèmes liés à l'infrastructure pourraient rendre les mois à venir particulièrement difficiles pour Kyiv.</i>",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"hr": {
            key:"value": string:"<i>Ova zima prirodno postavlja niz izazova za Ukrajinu dok nastavlja svoju borbu protiv moskovske invazije. Naime, uvjeti tijekom prethodne dvije zime samo su pogoršali probleme na frontu. Unatoč tome, problemi vezani uz infrastrukturu mogli bi učiniti nadolazeće mjesece posebno teškim za Kijev.</i>",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"hu": {
            key:"value": string:"<i>Ez a tél természetesen számos kihívást jelent Ukrajna számára, miközben folytatja harcát Moszkva inváziója ellen. Valójában az előző két tél körülményei csak súlyosbították a frontvonalon lévő problémákat. Ennek ellenére az infrastruktúrával kapcsolatos problémák különösen nehézzé tehetik a következő hónapokat Kijev számára.</i>",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"it": {
            key:"value": string:"<i>Questo inverno presenta naturalmente una serie di sfide per l'Ucraina mentre continua la sua lotta contro l'invasione di Mosca. Infatti, le condizioni durante i due inverni precedenti hanno solo aggravato i problemi al fronte. Nonostante ciò, i problemi legati all'infrastruttura potrebbero rendere i prossimi mesi particolarmente difficili per Kiev.</i>",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"nl": {
            key:"value": string:"<i>Deze winter vormt natuurlijk een reeks uitdagingen voor Oekraïne terwijl het zijn strijd tegen de invasie van Moskou voortzet. Inderdaad, de omstandigheden tijdens de vorige twee winters verergerden alleen maar de problemen aan het front. Ondanks dit kunnen problemen met de infrastructuur de komende maanden bijzonder moeilijk maken voor Kyiv.</i>",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"pl": {
            key:"value": string:"<i>Ta zima naturalnie stawia szereg wyzwań przed Ukrainą, gdy kontynuuje swoją walkę przeciwko inwazji Moskwy. Rzeczywiście, warunki podczas poprzednich dwóch zim tylko pogłębiły problemy na linii frontu. Mimo to, problemy związane z infrastrukturą mogą sprawić, że nadchodzące miesiące będą szczególnie trudne dla Kijowa.</i>",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"pt": {
            key:"value": string:"<i>Este inverno naturalmente apresenta uma série de desafios para a Ucrânia enquanto continua sua luta contra a invasão de Moscovo. De fato, as condições durante os dois invernos anteriores apenas exacerbaram os problemas na linha de frente. Apesar disso, problemas relacionados à infraestrutura podem tornar os próximos meses especialmente difíceis para Kyiv.</i>",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"ro": {
            key:"value": string:"<i>Această iarnă prezintă în mod natural o serie de provocări pentru Ucraina, pe măsură ce își continuă lupta împotriva invaziei Moscovei. De fapt, condițiile din cele două ierni anterioare au agravat doar problemele de pe linia frontului. Cu toate acestea, problemele legate de infrastructură ar putea face ca lunile următoare să fie deosebit de dificile pentru Kiev.</i>",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
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        key:"sk": {
            key:"value": string:"<i>Táto zima prirodzene predstavuje množstvo výziev pre Ukrajinu, keďže pokračuje vo svojom boji proti invázii Moskvy. V skutočnosti podmienky počas predchádzajúcich dvoch zim len zhoršili problémy na frontovej línii. Napriek tomu môžu problémy súvisiace s infraštruktúrou spraviť nadchádzajúce mesiace obzvlášť ťažkými pre Kyjev.</i>",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"sv": {
            key:"value": string:"<i>Denna vinter innebär naturligtvis en rad utmaningar för Ukraina när det fortsätter sin kamp mot Moskvas invasion. Faktum är att förhållandena under de föregående två vintrarna endast förvärrade problemen vid frontlinjen. Trots detta kan problem relaterade till infrastruktur göra de kommande månaderna särskilt svåra för Kyiv.</i>",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"tr": {
            key:"value": string:"<i>Bu kış, Ukrayna'nın Moskova'nın işgaline karşı mücadelesini sürdürdüğü için doğal olarak bir dizi zorlukla karşı karşıya kalıyor. Gerçekten de, önceki iki kıştaki koşullar cephedeki sorunları yalnızca artırdı. Buna rağmen, altyapıyla ilgili sorunlar, önümüzdeki ayları Kyiv için özellikle zor hale getirebilir.</i>",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
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        key:"uk": {
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    key:"contentTranslations": {
        key:"bg": {
            key:"value": string:"<span class=\"para\"><span>Докато руснаците продължават своето мащабно нахлуване в Украйна, друга криза е на път. Според няколко новинарски източника, енергийната инфраструктура на Украйна може да не е готова за предстоящата зима.</span></span>\n<span class=\"para\"><span>В наскоро публикуван доклад, мозъчният тръст на Кралския обединен институт за услуги </span><a href=\"https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/bracing-hardest-winter-protecting-ukraines-energy-infrastructure\">заяви</a><span>, че украинците се “подготвят за [своята] най-трудна зима”. Междувременно, Асошиейтед прес </span><a href=\"https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-energy-russia-airstrikes-greenpeace-1dfe7e60d4f9291f1196afda1a19373a\">каза</a><span>, че Украйна ще се изправи пред “най-трудната си зима заради засилените руски атаки срещу енергийната инфраструктура”.</span></span>\n<span class=\"para\">Има няколко причини да се вдигне тревога относно състоянието на енергийната инфраструктура на Украйна. Докато Европа се подготвя за предстоящата зима, енергийният сектор на Украйна е изложен на риск. Когато мащабното нахлуване на Русия започна през февруари 2024 г., руснаците <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984l87l2w6o\">завзеха и контролираха</a> <a href=\"https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/04/europes-largest-nuclear-plant-shuts-down-after-a-russian-attack\">Ядрената електрическа централа Запорожие</a> (ЗЕЦ), голям енергиен доставчик в Украйна. След тези събития, руснаците <a href=\"https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/one-year-on-russia-continues-ecological-warfare-in-ukraine\">обстрелваха</a> ЗЕЦ. Това притесни Организацията на обединените нации, Международната агенция за атомна енергия и Агенцията за ядрена енергия.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Освен това, руснаците <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/europe/russia-ukraine-nuclear-zelensky-un-intl/index.html\">унищожиха</a> множество топлоелектрически станции в Украйна. Руснаците също така насочиха атаките си към хидроелектрическите мощности на Украйна. Накрая, Русия <a href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/0904/russia-attack-ukrainian-electric-grid\">извърши</a> множество удари срещу украинските електрически мрежи.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Тази разруха е нанесла значителни щети на енергийната инфраструктура на Украйна. Ако украинците не могат да ремонтират повредените или унищожени енергийни съоръжения преди зимата, те ще се окажат в трудна ситуация.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Украинците са се справяли с студени зими дори когато руснаците са се намесвали в енергийните и газовите доставки на Киев. Но с постоянния обстрел на съоръжения в страната, украинците се оказват в по-трудна ситуация.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">От началото на руското мащабно нахлуване, Украйна е била принудена да пести енергия. Имало е <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">доклади за прекъсвания на електричеството</a> в различни региони на страната, за да се запази топлината и електричеството. Тази зима може да бъде по-брутална, а жителите ще трябва да пестят енергия, тъй като се оценява, че прекъсванията могат да достигнат до <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">20 часа на ден</a>. С други думи, времето тече за Украйна, за да осигури, че енергийният й сектор е подготвен да премине през още една сурова зима.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">За Украйна, тези енергийни рискове не са нищо ново. Преди мащабното нахлуване през 2022 г., украинците бяха подложени на руски атаки срещу своя енергиен сектор. Например, през 2015 г. украинците <a href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ir-alert-h-16-056-01\">изпитаха прекъсвания на електричеството</a> в разгара на зимата през декември 2015 г. Скоро беше установено, че Русия е извършила кибератака срещу енергийната инфраструктура на Украйна. Хиляди украинци временно останаха без електричество. След това, през 2016 г., руснаците <a href=\"https://jsis.washington.edu/news/cyberattack-critical-infrastructure-russia-ukrainian-power-grid-attacks/\">извършиха</a> подобна кибератака, когато се намесиха в енергийните доставки на Киев. Оттогава, руските кибератаки срещу украинската енергийна инфраструктура станаха обичайни.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Тези събития помогнаха на Украйна да укрепи своята енергийна инфраструктура, а страната подобри киберзащитите си. Но тези подобрения не устояха на руските въздушни бомбардировки. От 2022 г. насам, украинците работят усилено, за да се опитат да решат проблемите, причинени от руските ракетни удари, особено през зимните месеци.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Украйна преди това успя през предходните две зими, но този път ще бъде различно. До момента, руските бомбардировки са <a href=\"https://time.com/7008613/ukraine-russia-power-sector-frontline/#:~:text=Some%2060%25%20of%20Ukraine's%20power,reach%2020%20hours%20per%20day.\">унищожили</a> 60 процента от капацитета за производство на електрическа енергия на Украйна. Освен това, Украйна преживява най-лошите си ротационни прекъсвания от началото на руското мащабно нахлуване през февруари 2022 г.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Украинците работят спешно, за да се справят с тези проблеми. Една от опциите е да <a href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/11/russia-attacks-ukraine-energy-infrastructure-power-plants-electricity/\">възстановят</a> повредените и унищожени енергийни съоръжения. В същото време, други <a href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/23/winter-and-the-bumpy-road-ahead-for-ukraine\">се обърнаха</a> към опцията за ядрена енергия, за да стабилизират енергийните доставки на страната през този критичен период.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Но има няколко предизвикателства с тези подходи. Първо, Украйна няма достатъчно противовъздушни системи и боеприпаси, за да <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/22/europe-struggles-to-strengthen-ukraine-s-air-defense-system_6669152_4.html\">се защити</a> от руски атаки. Това оставя инфраструктурата й изложена и също така усложнява усилията за възстановяване. Освен това, Украйна все още е подложена на руски бомбардировки. Ако Украйна не успее да защити енергийната си инфраструктура от настоящите и бъдещите атаки на Москва, то тези усилия за възстановяване биха били безсмислени. В крайна сметка, тази инфраструктура отново ще бъде унищожена при руска атака. Заплахата от атаки срещу тези усилия за възстановяване също затруднява Украйна да набере средства чрез инвестиции за тези усилия.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Тези предизвикателства не могат да бъдат пренебрегнати. Въпреки това, украинците може да имат опции как да увеличат капацитета си за производство на енергия преди зимата. Например, Украйна може да се опита да подобри своята свързаност с по-голямата електрическа мрежа. Когато руското нахлуване в Украйна <a href=\"https://euobserver.com/news/ar8ec3bccc\">започна</a>, “украинците <a href=\"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/2-years-ukraine-and-moldova-synchronised-electricity-grids-eu-2024-03-15_en\">синхронизираха</a> електрическите си мрежи с Континенталната европейска мрежа. Това помогна на Украйна ‘<a href=\"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/37851\">да стабилизира електрическата си система</a>’.” То също така направи енергийния сектор на Украйна по-малко зависим от Русия. Следването на други пътища за прекратяване на връзките с руската енергия, докато се укрепва интеграцията с Европа, може да бъде ефективно.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Второ, децентрализирани енергийни системи могат да помогнат на енергийните проблеми на Украйна. Например, изграждането на <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">децентрализирани енергийни източници</a> би направило енергийната инфраструктура на Украйна по-малко уязвима на руски атаки. Местните общини <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">разположиха</a> малки газови турбини, за да захранват домове, болници и основни услуги. Докато това е временно решение за Украйна да се подготви за предстоящата зима, украинците ще трябва да работят с енергийни експерти, за да установят дългосрочно решение.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Накратко, Украйна бърза с времето, за да се подготви за потенциално мрачна зима. Приоритизирането на устойчивостта на енергийната инфраструктура на Украйна е от съществено значение. Украинското правителство трябва да предприеме действия, за да осигури, че енергийните нужди са удовлетворени в цялата страна. Това трябва да включва укрепване на критичните енергийни съоръжения срещу кибератаки и физически заплахи, както и разработване на планове за бързо възстановяване на електричеството в случай на прекъсвания. Решаването на тези проблеми ще помогне на украинците да се подготвят за предстоящата брутална и мрачна зима. В противен случай, Украйна може да пострада.</span>\n<span class=\"para\"><strong>Марко Темницки</strong> е <a href=\"https://wakelet.com/@MTemnycky\">акредитиран фрийланс журналист</a>, който отразява евразийските дела и е <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">непребиваващ сътрудник</a> в Центъра за Евразия на Атлантическия съвет.</span>\n<span class=\"para\"><span> </span></span>",
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        key:"cs": {
            key:"value": string:"<span class=\"para\"><span>Jak Rusové pokračují ve své plnohodnotné invazi na Ukrajinu, další krize je na obzoru. Podle několika zpravodajských agentur nemusí být energetická infrastruktura Ukrajiny připravena na nadcházející zimu.</span></span>\n<span class=\"para\"><span>V nedávné zprávě think tanku Royal United Services Institute </span><a href=\"https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/bracing-hardest-winter-protecting-ukraines-energy-infrastructure\">uvedl</a><span>, že Ukrajinci se “připravují na [jejich] nejtěžší zimu”. Mezitím Associated Press </span><a href=\"https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-energy-russia-airstrikes-greenpeace-1dfe7e60d4f9291f1196afda1a19373a\">uvedl</a><span>, že Ukrajina čelí “nejtěžší zimě kvůli zesíleným ruským útokům na energetickou infrastrukturu”.</span></span>\n<span class=\"para\">Existuje několik důvodů, proč vyvolat poplach ohledně stavu energetické infrastruktury Ukrajiny. Jak se Evropa blíží nadcházející zimě, ukrajinský energetický sektor se ocitá v ohrožení. Když v únoru 2024 začala plnohodnotná invaze Ruska, Rusové <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984l87l2w6o\">získali a ovládli</a> <a href=\"https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/04/europes-largest-nuclear-plant-shuts-down-after-a-russian-attack\">jadernou elektrárnu Zaporizhzhia</a> (ZNPP), velkého dodavatele energie na Ukrajině. Po těchto událostech Rusové <a href=\"https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/one-year-on-russia-continues-ecological-warfare-in-ukraine\">ostřelovali</a> ZNPP. To alarmovalo Organizaci spojených národů, Mezinárodní agenturu pro atomovou energii a Agenturu pro jadernou energii.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Navíc Rusové <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/europe/russia-ukraine-nuclear-zelensky-un-intl/index.html\">zničili</a> řadu tepelných elektráren po celé Ukrajině. Rusové také cíleně útočili na hydroelektrickou kapacitu Ukrajiny. Nakonec Rusko <a href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/0904/russia-attack-ukrainian-electric-grid\">spustilo</a> řadu útoků na ukrajinské elektrické sítě.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Tato devastace měla významný dopad na energetickou infrastrukturu Ukrajiny. Pokud Ukrajinci nebudou schopni opravit poškozené nebo zničené energetické zařízení před zimou, ocitnou se v obtížné situaci.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ukrajinci se potýkali s chladnými zimami i tehdy, když Rusové zasahovali do energetických a plynových dodávek Kyjeva. Ale s neustálým ostřelováním zařízení v zemi se Ukrajinci ocitli v obtížnější situaci.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Od plnohodnotné ruské invaze musela Ukrajina šetřit energií. Byly <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">hlášeny výpadky</a> v různých regionech po celé zemi, aby se šetřilo teplem a elektřinou. Tato zima může být brutálnější a obyvatelé budou muset šetřit svou energii, protože se odhaduje, že výpadky by mohly dosáhnout až <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">20 hodin denně</a>. Jinými slovy, závod je na Ukrajině, aby zajistila, že její energetický sektor je připraven přežít další drsnou zimu.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Pro Ukrajinu nejsou tato energetická rizika ničím novým. Před plnohodnotnou invazí v roce 2022 byli Ukrajinci vystaveni ruským útokům na svůj energetický sektor. Například v roce 2015 Ukrajinci <a href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ir-alert-h-16-056-01\">zažili výpadky elektřiny</a> uprostřed zimy v prosinci 2015. Brzy se zjistilo, že Rusko spustilo kybernetický útok na energetickou infrastrukturu Ukrajiny. Tisíce Ukrajinců byly dočasně bez elektřiny. Poté, v roce 2016, Rusové <a href=\"https://jsis.washington.edu/news/cyberattack-critical-infrastructure-russia-ukrainian-power-grid-attacks/\">spustili</a> podobný kybernetický útok, když zasahovali do energetových dodávek Kyjeva. Od té doby se ruské kybernetické útoky na ukrajinskou energetickou infrastrukturu staly běžnými.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Tyto události pomohly Ukrajině posílit její energetickou infrastrukturu a země zlepšila své kybernetické obrany. Ale tyto zlepšení neměla šanci proti ruským leteckým bombardováním. Od roku 2022 se Ukrajinci usilovně snažili řešit problémy způsobené ruskými raketovými útoky, zejména během zimních měsíců.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ukrajina předtím uspěla během předchozích dvou zim, ale tentokrát to bude jiné. Doposud ruské bombardování <a href=\"https://time.com/7008613/ukraine-russia-power-sector-frontline/#:~:text=Some%2060%25%20of%20Ukraine's%20power,reach%2020%20hours%20per%20day.\">zničilo</a> 60 procent kapacity výroby elektřiny na Ukrajině. Navíc Ukrajina prochází svými nejhoršími plánovanými výpadky od začátku ruské plnohodnotné invaze v únoru 2022.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ukrajinci urgentně pracují na řešení těchto obav. Jednou z možností je <a href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/11/russia-attacks-ukraine-energy-infrastructure-power-plants-electricity/\">obnovit</a> svá poškozená a zničená energetická zařízení. Zároveň se někteří <a href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/23/winter-and-the-bumpy-road-ahead-for-ukraine\">obracejí</a> k možnosti jaderné energie, aby stabilizovali dodávky energie v zemi během tohoto kritického období.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ale s těmito přístupy jsou spojeny různé výzvy. Za prvé, Ukrajina postrádá dostatečné protiletadlové systémy a munici, aby se <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/22/europe-struggles-to-strengthen-ukraine-s-air-defense-system_6669152_4.html\">bránila</a> proti ruským útokům. To ponechává její infrastrukturu vystavenou a také to komplikuje rekonstrukční úsilí. Navíc je Ukrajina stále vystavena ruským bombardováním. Pokud Ukrajina nebude schopna chránit svou energetickou infrastrukturu před současnými a budoucími útoky Moskvy, pak by tyto rekonstrukční snahy byly bezvýznamné. Koneckonců, tato infrastruktura by byla znovu zničena při ruském útoku. Hrozba útoků na tyto rekonstrukční snahy také ztěžuje Ukrajině získat peníze prostřednictvím investic na tyto rekonstrukční snahy.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Tyto výzvy nelze ignorovat. Nicméně Ukrajinci mohou mít možnosti, jak zvýšit svou kapacitu výroby energie před zimou. Například by Ukrajina mohla usilovat o zlepšení své větší propojenosti elektrických sítí. Když začala ruská invaze na Ukrajinu <a href=\"https://euobserver.com/news/ar8ec3bccc\">“Ukrajinci <a href=\"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/2-years-ukraine-and-moldova-synchronised-electricity-grids-eu-2024-03-15_en\">synchronizovali</a> své elektrické sítě s Kontinentální evropskou sítí. To pomohlo Ukrajině ‘<a href=\"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/37851\">stabilizovat svůj elektrický systém</a>’.” Také to učinilo energetický sektor Ukrajiny méně závislým na Rusku. Usilování o jiné cesty, jak přerušit vazby na ruskou energii, zatímco se posiluje integrace s Evropou, by mohlo být účinné.</a></span>\n<span class=\"para\">Za druhé, decentralizované energetické systémy mohou pomoci vyřešit energetické problémy Ukrajiny. Například výstavba <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">decentralizovaných energetických zdrojů</a> by učinila ukrajinskou energetickou infrastrukturu méně náchylnou k ruským útokům. Místní obce <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">nasadily</a> malé plynové turbíny k napájení domácností, nemocnic a základních služeb. I když je to dočasné řešení pro Ukrajinu, aby se připravila na nadcházející zimu, Ukrajinci budou muset spolupracovat s energetickými odborníky na vytvoření dlouhodobého řešení.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Stručně řečeno, Ukrajina závodí s časem, aby se připravila na potenciálně chmurnou zimu. Prioritizace odolnosti energetické infrastruktury Ukrajiny je zásadní. Ukrajinská vláda musí podniknout kroky, aby zajistila, že energetické požadavky budou splněny po celé zemi. To by mělo zahrnovat zpevnění kritických energetických zařízení proti kybernetickým útokům a fyzickým hrozbám, stejně jako vypracování plánů pro rychlé obnovení dodávek energie v případě narušení. Řešení těchto problémů pomůže Ukrajincům připravit se na nadcházející brutální a chmurnou zimu. Jinak by Ukrajina mohla trpět.</span>\n<span class=\"para\"><strong>Mark Temnycky</strong> je <a href=\"https://wakelet.com/@MTemnycky\">akreditovaný nezávislý novinář</a> pokrývající záležitosti Eurasie a <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">nerezidentní člen</a> v Atlantic Council Eurasia Center.</span>\n<span class=\"para\"><span> </span></span>",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"de": {
            key:"value": string:"<span class=\"para\"><span>Während die Russen ihre umfassende Invasion der Ukraine fortsetzen, steht eine weitere Krise bevor. Laut mehreren Nachrichtenagenturen ist die Energieinfrastruktur der Ukraine möglicherweise nicht bereit für den bevorstehenden Winter.</span></span>\n<span class=\"para\"><span>In einem aktuellen Bericht erklärte das Think Tank Royal United Services Institute </span><a href=\"https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/bracing-hardest-winter-protecting-ukraines-energy-infrastructure\">dass</a><span> die Ukrainer sich auf ihren “schwierigsten Winter” vorbereiten. In der Zwischenzeit berichtete die Associated Press </span><a href=\"https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-energy-russia-airstrikes-greenpeace-1dfe7e60d4f9291f1196afda1a19373a\">dass</a><span> die Ukraine ihren “schwierigsten Winter aufgrund intensiver russischer Angriffe auf die Energieinfrastruktur” erleben wird.</span></span>\n<span class=\"para\">Es gibt mehrere Gründe, um Alarm über den Zustand der Energieinfrastruktur der Ukraine zu schlagen. Während Europa sich dem kommenden Winter nähert, befindet sich der Energiesektor der Ukraine in Gefahr. Als die umfassende Invasion Russlands im Februar 2024 begann, <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984l87l2w6o\">eroberten und kontrollierten</a> die Russen das <a href=\"https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/04/europes-largest-nuclear-plant-shuts-down-after-a-russian-attack\">Zaporizhzhia</a> Kernkraftwerk (ZNPP), einen großen Energieanbieter in der Ukraine. Nach diesen Ereignissen <a href=\"https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/one-year-on-russia-continues-ecological-warfare-in-ukraine\">beschossen</a> die Russen das ZNPP. Dies alarmierte die Vereinten Nationen, die Internationale Atomenergie-Organisation und die Nuklearenergie-Agentur.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Darüber hinaus haben die Russen zahlreiche thermische Kraftwerke in der Ukraine <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/europe/russia-ukraine-nuclear-zelensky-un-intl/index.html\">zerstört</a>. Die Russen haben auch die hydroelektrische Kapazität der Ukraine ins Visier genommen. Schließlich hat Russland zahlreiche Angriffe auf die ukrainischen Stromnetze <a href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/0904/russia-attack-ukrainian-electric-grid\">gestartet</a>.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Diese Verwüstung hat erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die Energieinfrastruktur der Ukraine gehabt. Wenn die Ukrainer beschädigte oder zerstörte Energieanlagen vor dem Winter nicht reparieren können, werden sie in einer schwierigen Situation sein.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Die Ukrainer haben kalte Winter erlebt, selbst als die Russen mit Kiews Energie- und Gasversorgung manipuliert haben. Aber mit dem ständigen Beschuss von Einrichtungen im Land befinden sich die Ukrainer in einer schwierigeren Lage.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Seit der umfassenden russischen Invasion musste die Ukraine Energie sparen. Es gab <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">Berichte über Stromausfälle</a> in verschiedenen Regionen des Landes, um Wärme und Elektrizität zu sparen. Dieser Winter könnte brutaler werden, und die Bewohner müssen ihre Energie sparen, da geschätzt wird, dass Stromausfälle bis zu <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">20 Stunden pro Tag</a> erreichen könnten. Mit anderen Worten, der Wettlauf hat begonnen, damit die Ukraine sicherstellt, dass ihr Energiesektor bereit ist, einen weiteren harten Winter zu überstehen.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Für die Ukraine sind diese Energiemängel nichts Neues. Vor der umfassenden Invasion im Jahr 2022 war die Ukraine russischen Angriffen auf ihren Energiesektor ausgesetzt. Zum Beispiel erlebten die Ukrainer im Dezember 2015 <a href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ir-alert-h-16-056-01\">Stromausfälle</a> mitten im Winter. Es wurde bald entdeckt, dass Russland einen Cyberangriff auf die Energieinfrastruktur der Ukraine gestartet hatte. Tausende von Ukrainern waren vorübergehend ohne Strom. Dann, im Jahr 2016, <a href=\"https://jsis.washington.edu/news/cyberattack-critical-infrastructure-russia-ukrainian-power-grid-attacks/\">starteten</a> die Russen einen ähnlichen Cyberangriff, als sie mit Kiews Energieversorgung manipulierten. Seitdem sind russische Cyberangriffe auf die ukrainische Energieinfrastruktur zur Gewohnheit geworden.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Diese Ereignisse haben der Ukraine geholfen, ihre Energieinfrastruktur zu stärken, und das Land hat seine Cyberabwehr verbessert. Aber diese Verbesserungen hatten gegen die Luftangriffe Russlands keine Chance. Seit 2022 haben die Ukrainer hart daran gearbeitet, die durch russische Raketenangriffe verursachten Probleme zu beheben, insbesondere während der Wintermonate.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Die Ukraine hatte in den letzten beiden Wintern Erfolg, aber dieses Mal wird es anders sein. Bis heute haben russische Bombardierungen <a href=\"https://time.com/7008613/ukraine-russia-power-sector-frontline/#:~:text=Some%2060%25%20of%20Ukraine's%20power,reach%2020%20hours%20per%20day.\">60 Prozent</a> der Stromerzeugungskapazität der Ukraine zerstört. Darüber hinaus leidet die Ukraine unter den schlimmsten rollierenden Stromausfällen seit Beginn der umfassenden russischen Invasion im Februar 2022.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Die Ukrainer arbeiten dringend daran, diese Bedenken zu adressieren. Eine Möglichkeit besteht darin, ihre beschädigten und zerstörten Energieanlagen <a href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/11/russia-attacks-ukraine-energy-infrastructure-power-plants-electricity/\">wieder aufzubauen</a>. Gleichzeitig haben andere <a href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/23/winter-and-the-bumpy-road-ahead-for-ukraine\">auf die Option</a> der Kernenergie zurückgegriffen, um die Stromversorgung des Landes in dieser kritischen Phase zu stabilisieren.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Aber es gibt mehrere Herausforderungen mit diesen Ansätzen. Erstens fehlt der Ukraine ausreichende Luftabwehrsysteme und Munition, um sich <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/22/europe-struggles-to-strengthen-ukraine-s-air-defense-system_6669152_4.html\">gegen russische Angriffe zu verteidigen</a>. Dies lässt ihre Infrastruktur ungeschützt und kompliziert auch die Wiederaufbauanstrengungen. Darüber hinaus ist die Ukraine weiterhin russischen Bombardierungen ausgesetzt. Wenn die Ukraine ihre Energieinfrastruktur nicht vor den aktuellen und zukünftigen Angriffen Moskaus schützen kann, wären diese Wiederaufbauanstrengungen bedeutungslos. Schließlich würde diese Infrastruktur nur erneut bei einem russischen Angriff zerstört werden. Die Bedrohung von Angriffen auf diese Wiederaufbauanstrengungen erschwert es der Ukraine auch, durch Investitionen Geld für diese Wiederaufbauanstrengungen zu beschaffen.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Diese Herausforderungen können nicht ignoriert werden. Die Ukrainer könnten jedoch Optionen haben, wie sie ihre Energieerzeugungskapazität vor dem Winter steigern können. Zum Beispiel könnte die Ukraine versuchen, ihre größere Netzinterkonnektivität zu verbessern. Als die russische Invasion der Ukraine <a href=\"https://euobserver.com/news/ar8ec3bccc\">begann</a>, “synchronisierten die Ukrainer <a href=\"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/2-years-ukraine-and-moldova-synchronised-electricity-grids-eu-2024-03-15_en\">ihre Stromnetze mit dem Kontinentalen Europäischen Netz. Dies hat der Ukraine geholfen, ihr ‘<a href=\"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/37851\">Stromsystem zu stabilisieren</a>’.” Es hat auch die Abhängigkeit des Energiesektors der Ukraine von Russland verringert. Die Verfolgung anderer Wege, um die Verbindungen zur russischen Energie zu kappen und gleichzeitig die Integration mit Europa zu stärken, könnte effektiv sein.</a></span>\n<span class=\"para\">Zweitens könnten dezentrale Energiesysteme den Energieproblemen der Ukraine helfen. Zum Beispiel würde der Bau von <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">dezentralisierten Energiequellen</a> die Energieinfrastruktur der Ukraine weniger anfällig für russische Angriffe machen. Lokale Gemeinden haben <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">kleine Gasturbinen eingesetzt</a>, um Häuser, Krankenhäuser und wichtige Dienstleistungen mit Strom zu versorgen. Während dies eine vorübergehende Lösung für die Ukraine ist, um sich auf den bevorstehenden Winter vorzubereiten, müssen die Ukrainer mit Energieexperten zusammenarbeiten, um eine langfristige Lösung zu entwickeln.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass die Ukraine gegen die Zeit ankämpft, um sich auf einen potenziell düsteren Winter vorzubereiten. Die Priorisierung der Widerstandsfähigkeit der Energieinfrastruktur der Ukraine ist entscheidend. Die ukrainische Regierung muss Maßnahmen ergreifen, um sicherzustellen, dass die Energieanforderungen im ganzen Land erfüllt werden. Dazu sollte die Härtung kritischer Energieanlagen gegen Cyberangriffe und physische Bedrohungen sowie die Entwicklung von Notfallplänen für eine schnelle Stromwiederherstellung im Falle von Störungen gehören. Die Bewältigung dieser Probleme wird den Ukrainern helfen, sich auf den bevorstehenden brutalen und düsteren Winter vorzubereiten. Andernfalls könnte die Ukraine leiden.</span>\n<span class=\"para\"><strong>Mark Temnycky</strong> ist ein <a href=\"https://wakelet.com/@MTemnycky\">akkreditierter freiberuflicher Journalist</a>, der sich mit eurasischen Angelegenheiten beschäftigt, und ein <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">nicht ansässiger Fellow</a> am Atlantic Council Eurasia Center.</span>\n<span class=\"para\"><span> </span></span>",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"el": {
            key:"value": string:"<span class=\"para\"><span>Καθώς οι Ρώσοι συνεχίζουν την πλήρη κλίμακα εισβολής τους στην Ουκρανία, μια άλλη κρίση είναι σε εξέλιξη. Σύμφωνα με αρκετές ειδησεογραφικές πηγές, η ενεργειακή υποδομή της Ουκρανίας μπορεί να μην είναι έτοιμη για τον επερχόμενο χειμώνα.</span></span>\n<span class=\"para\"><span>Σε μια πρόσφατη έκθεση, το think tank του Royal United Services Institute </span><a href=\"https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/bracing-hardest-winter-protecting-ukraines-energy-infrastructure\">δήλωσε</a><span> ότι οι Ουκρανοί “προετοιμάζονται για τον [πιο] δύσκολο χειμώνα τους”. Εν τω μεταξύ, το Associated Press </span><a href=\"https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-energy-russia-airstrikes-greenpeace-1dfe7e60d4f9291f1196afda1a19373a\">είπε</a><span> ότι η Ουκρανία θα αντιμετωπίσει τον “πιο δύσκολο χειμώνα λόγω των εντατικών ρωσικών επιθέσεων στην ενεργειακή υποδομή”.</span></span>\n<span class=\"para\">Υπάρχουν αρκετοί λόγοι για να χτυπήσει το καμπανάκι για την κατάσταση της ενεργειακής υποδομής της Ουκρανίας. Καθώς η Ευρώπη πλησιάζει τον επερχόμενο χειμώνα, ο ενεργειακός τομέας της Ουκρανίας βρίσκεται σε κίνδυνο. Όταν η πλήρης κλίμακα εισβολής της Ρωσίας ξεκίνησε τον Φεβρουάριο του 2024, οι Ρώσοι <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984l87l2w6o\">κατέλαβαν και έλεγξαν</a> το <a href=\"https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/04/europes-largest-nuclear-plant-shuts-down-after-a-russian-attack\">Πυρηνικό Σταθμό Ενέργειας Ζαπορίζια</a> (ZNPP), έναν μεγάλο προμηθευτή ενέργειας στην Ουκρανία. Μετά από αυτά τα γεγονότα, οι Ρώσοι <a href=\"https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/one-year-on-russia-continues-ecological-warfare-in-ukraine\">βομβάρδισαν</a> το ZNPP. Αυτό ανησύχησε τον ΟΗΕ, την Διεθνή Υπηρεσία Ατομικής Ενέργειας και την Υπηρεσία Πυρηνικής Ενέργειας.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Επιπλέον, οι Ρώσοι έχουν <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/europe/russia-ukraine-nuclear-zelensky-un-intl/index.html\">καταστρέψει</a> πολλές θερμικές μονάδες παραγωγής ενέργειας σε όλη την Ουκρανία. Οι Ρώσοι έχουν επίσης στοχοποιήσει την υδροηλεκτρική ικανότητα της Ουκρανίας. Τέλος, η Ρωσία έχει <a href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/0904/russia-attack-ukrainian-electric-grid\">ξεκινήσει</a> πολλές επιθέσεις στα δίκτυα ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας της Ουκρανίας.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Αυτή η καταστροφή έχει επιφέρει σημαντικό πλήγμα στην ενεργειακή υποδομή της Ουκρανίας. Εάν οι Ουκρανοί δεν μπορέσουν να επισκευάσουν τις κατεστραμμένες ή κατεστραμμένες ενεργειακές εγκαταστάσεις πριν από τον χειμώνα, τότε θα βρίσκονται σε μια δύσκολη κατάσταση.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Οι Ουκρανοί έχουν αντιμετωπίσει κρύους χειμώνες ακόμη και όταν οι Ρώσοι έχουν παρέμβει στις ενεργειακές και αερίου προμήθειες του Κιέβου. Αλλά με την συνεχόμενη βομβαρδιστική επίθεση εγκαταστάσεων στη χώρα, οι Ουκρανοί έχουν βρεθεί σε μια πιο δύσκολη κατάσταση.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Από την πλήρη κλίμακα εισβολής της Ρωσίας, η Ουκρανία έχει αναγκαστεί να εξοικονομήσει ενέργεια. Υπάρχουν <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">αναφορές για διακοπές ρεύματος</a> σε διάφορες περιοχές της χώρας για να εξοικονομηθεί θερμότητα και ηλεκτρική ενέργεια. Αυτός ο χειμώνας μπορεί να είναι πιο σφοδρός, και οι κάτοικοι θα χρειαστεί να εξοικονομήσουν την ενέργειά τους καθώς εκτιμάται ότι οι διακοπές ρεύματος θα μπορούσαν να φτάσουν έως και <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">20 ώρες την ημέρα</a>. Με άλλα λόγια, ο αγώνας είναι σε εξέλιξη για την Ουκρανία να διασφαλίσει ότι ο ενεργειακός τομέας της είναι έτοιμος να περάσει έναν ακόμη σφοδρό χειμώνα.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Για την Ουκρανία, αυτοί οι ενεργειακοί κίνδυνοι δεν είναι κάτι νέο. Πριν από την πλήρη κλίμακα εισβολής το 2022, οι Ουκρανοί υπήρξαν θύματα ρωσικών επιθέσεων στον ενεργειακό τους τομέα. Για παράδειγμα, το 2015, οι Ουκρανοί <a href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ir-alert-h-16-056-01\">αντιμετώπισαν διακοπές ρεύματος</a> στη μέση του χειμώνα τον Δεκέμβριο του 2015. Σύντομα ανακαλύφθηκε ότι η Ρωσία είχε ξεκινήσει μια κυβερνοεπίθεση στην ενεργειακή υποδομή της Ουκρανίας. Χιλιάδες Ουκρανοί έμειναν προσωρινά χωρίς ρεύμα. Στη συνέχεια, το 2016, οι Ρώσοι <a href=\"https://jsis.washington.edu/news/cyberattack-critical-infrastructure-russia-ukrainian-power-grid-attacks/\">ξεκίνησαν</a> μια παρόμοια κυβερνοεπίθεση όταν παρέμβηκαν στις ενεργειακές προμήθειες του Κιέβου. Από τότε, οι ρωσικές κυβερνοεπιθέσεις στην ενεργειακή υποδομή της Ουκρανίας έχουν γίνει κοινές.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Αυτά τα γεγονότα έχουν βοηθήσει την Ουκρανία να ενισχύσει την ενεργειακή της υποδομή, και η χώρα έχει ενισχύσει τις κυβερνοαμυνές της. Αλλά αυτές οι βελτιώσεις δεν είχαν καμία τύχη απέναντι στους ρωσικούς αεροπορικούς βομβαρδισμούς. Από το 2022, οι Ουκρανοί έχουν εργαστεί σκληρά για να προσπαθήσουν να αντιμετωπίσουν τα προβλήματα που προκλήθηκαν από τις ρωσικές επιθέσεις με πυραύλους, ειδικά κατά τους χειμερινούς μήνες.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Η Ουκρανία είχε προηγουμένως επιτύχει κατά τους προηγούμενους δύο χειμώνες, αλλά αυτή τη φορά θα είναι διαφορετικά. Μέχρι σήμερα, οι ρωσικοί βομβαρδισμοί έχουν <a href=\"https://time.com/7008613/ukraine-russia-power-sector-frontline/#:~:text=Some%2060%25%20of%20Ukraine's%20power,reach%2020%20hours%20per%20day.\">καταστρέψει</a> το 60 τοις εκατό της ικανότητας παραγωγής ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας της Ουκρανίας. Επιπλέον, η Ουκρανία υποφέρει από τις χειρότερες κυλιόμενες διακοπές ρεύματος από την αρχή της πλήρους κλίμακας εισβολής της Ρωσίας τον Φεβρουάριο του 2022.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Οι Ουκρανοί εργάζονται επειγόντως για να αντιμετωπίσουν αυτές τις ανησυχίες. Μια επιλογή είναι να <a href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/11/russia-attacks-ukraine-energy-infrastructure-power-plants-electricity/\">ανακατασκευάσουν</a> τις κατεστραμμένες και κατεστραμμένες ενεργειακές εγκαταστάσεις τους. Ταυτόχρονα, άλλοι έχουν <a href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/23/winter-and-the-bumpy-road-ahead-for-ukraine\">στραφεί</a> στην επιλογή της πυρηνικής ενέργειας για να σταθεροποιήσουν την προμήθεια ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας της χώρας κατά τη διάρκεια αυτής της κρίσιμης περιόδου.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Αλλά υπάρχουν αρκετές προκλήσεις με αυτές τις προσεγγίσεις. Πρώτον, η Ουκρανία στερείται επαρκών αντιαεροπορικών συστημάτων και πυρομαχικών για να <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/22/europe-struggles-to-strengthen-ukraine-s-air-defense-system_6669152_4.html\">αμυνθεί</a> απέναντι στις ρωσικές επιθέσεις. Αυτό αφήνει την υποδομή της εκτεθειμένη και περιπλέκει επίσης τις προσπάθειες ανακατασκευής. Επιπλέον, η Ουκρανία εξακολουθεί να υπόκειται σε ρωσικούς βομβαρδισμούς. Εάν η Ουκρανία δεν μπορέσει να προστατεύσει την ενεργειακή της υποδομή από τις τρέχουσες και μελλοντικές επιθέσεις της Μόσχας, τότε αυτές οι προσπάθειες ανακατασκευής θα είναι άχρηστες. Μετά από όλα, αυτή η υποδομή θα καταστραφεί ξανά σε μια ρωσική επίθεση. Η απειλή επιθέσεων σε αυτές τις προσπάθειες ανακατασκευής καθιστά επίσης δύσκολη την Ουκρανία να συγκεντρώσει χρήματα μέσω επενδύσεων για αυτές τις προσπάθειες ανακατασκευής.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Αυτές οι προκλήσεις δεν μπορούν να αγνοηθούν. Ωστόσο, οι Ουκρανοί μπορεί να έχουν επιλογές σχετικά με το πώς να ενισχύσουν την ικανότητά τους παραγωγής ενέργειας πριν από τον χειμώνα. Για παράδειγμα, η Ουκρανία θα μπορούσε να επιδιώξει να ενισχύσει τη μεγαλύτερη διασύνδεση του δικτύου ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας. Όταν η ρωσική εισβολή στην Ουκρανία <a href=\"https://euobserver.com/news/ar8ec3bccc\">ξεκίνησε</a>, “οι Ουκρανοί <a href=\"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/2-years-ukraine-and-moldova-synchronised-electricity-grids-eu-2024-03-15_en\">συντόνισαν</a> τα δίκτυα ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας τους με το Ευρωπαϊκό Δίκτυο. Αυτό έχει βοηθήσει την Ουκρανία να ‘<a href=\"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/37851\">σταθεροποιήσει το σύστημα ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας</a>’.” Έχει επίσης καταστήσει τον ενεργειακό τομέα της Ουκρανίας λιγότερο εξαρτημένο από τη Ρωσία. Η αναζήτηση άλλων οδών για να κοπεί η σύνδεση με την ρωσική ενέργεια ενώ ενισχύεται η ενσωμάτωσή της με την Ευρώπη θα μπορούσε να είναι αποτελεσματική.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Δεύτερον, τα αποκεντρωμένα ενεργειακά συστήματα μπορεί να βοηθήσουν στα ενεργειακά ζητήματα της Ουκρανίας. Για παράδειγμα, η κατασκευή <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">αποκεντρωμένων πηγών ενέργειας</a> θα καθιστούσε την ενεργειακή υποδομή της Ουκρανίας λιγότερο ευάλωτη σε ρωσικές επιθέσεις. Οι τοπικές δημοτικές αρχές έχουν <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">αναπτύξει</a> μικρές τουρμπίνες αερίου για να τροφοδοτούν σπίτια, νοσοκομεία και βασικές υπηρεσίες. Ενώ αυτή είναι μια προσωρινή λύση για την Ουκρανία να προετοιμαστεί για τον επερχόμενο χειμώνα, οι Ουκρανοί θα χρειαστεί να συνεργαστούν με ειδικούς ενέργειας για να καθορίσουν μια μακροπρόθεσμη λύση.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Εν ολίγοις, η Ουκρανία αγωνίζεται με τον χρόνο για να προετοιμαστεί για έναν πιθανώς ζοφερό χειμώνα. Η προτεραιότητα στην ανθεκτικότητα της ενεργειακής υποδομής της Ουκρανίας είναι απαραίτητη. Η ουκρανική κυβέρνηση πρέπει να λάβει μέτρα για να διασφαλίσει ότι οι ενεργειακές ανάγκες καλύπτονται σε όλη τη χώρα. Αυτό θα πρέπει να περιλαμβάνει την ενίσχυση των κρίσιμων ενεργειακών εγκαταστάσεων κατά των κυβερνοεπιθέσεων και φυσικών απειλών, καθώς και την ανάπτυξη σχεδίων έκτακτης ανάγκης για γρήγορη αποκατάσταση της ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας σε περίπτωση διακοπών. Η αντιμετώπιση αυτών των ζητημάτων θα βοηθήσει τους Ουκρανούς να προετοιμαστούν για τον επερχόμενο σφοδρό και ζοφερό χειμώνα. Διαφορετικά, η Ουκρανία μπορεί να υποφέρει.</span>\n<span class=\"para\"><strong>Mark Temnycky</strong> είναι ένας <a href=\"https://wakelet.com/@MTemnycky\">διαπιστευμένος ελεύθερος δημοσιογράφος</a> που καλύπτει τις υποθέσεις της Ευρασίας και ένας <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">μη μόνιμος συνεργάτης</a> στο Κέντρο Ευρασίας του Atlantic Council.</span>\n<span class=\"para\"><span> </span></span>",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"en": {
            key:"value": string:"<span class=\"para\"><span>As the Russians continue their full-scale invasion of Ukraine, another crisis is afoot. According to several news outlets, Ukraine’s energy infrastructure may not be ready for the upcoming winter.</span></span>\n<span class=\"para\"><span>In a recent report, the Royal United Services Institute think tank </span><a href=\"https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/bracing-hardest-winter-protecting-ukraines-energy-infrastructure\">stated</a><span> that the Ukrainians are “bracing for [their] hardest winter”. Meanwhile, the Associated Press </span><a href=\"https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-energy-russia-airstrikes-greenpeace-1dfe7e60d4f9291f1196afda1a19373a\">said</a><span> that Ukraine will face its “hardest winter due to intensified Russian attacks on energy infrastructure”.</span></span>\n<span class=\"para\">There are several reasons to raise the alarm about the state of Ukraine’s energy infrastructure. As Europe approaches the coming winter, Ukraine’s energy sector finds itself at risk. When Russia’s full-scale invasion began in February 2024, the Russians <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984l87l2w6o\">captured and controlled</a> the <a href=\"https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/04/europes-largest-nuclear-plant-shuts-down-after-a-russian-attack\">Zaporizhzhia</a> Nuclear Power Plant (ZNPP), a large energy provider in Ukraine. Following these events, the Russians <a href=\"https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/one-year-on-russia-continues-ecological-warfare-in-ukraine\">shelled</a> the ZNPP. This alarmed the United Nations, the International Atomic Energy Agency, and the Nuclear Energy Agency.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Furthermore, the Russians have <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/europe/russia-ukraine-nuclear-zelensky-un-intl/index.html\">destroyed</a> numerous thermal power plants across Ukraine. The Russians have also targeted Ukraine’s hydroelectric capacity. Finally, Russia has <a href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/0904/russia-attack-ukrainian-electric-grid\">launched</a> numerous strikes on Ukrainian power grids.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">This devastation has taken a significant toll on Ukraine’s energy infrastructure. If the Ukrainians cannot repair damaged or destroyed energy facilities ahead of the winter, then they will be in a challenging situation.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">The Ukrainians have dealt with cold winters even when the Russians have tampered with Kyiv’s energy and gas supplies. But with the constant shelling of facilities in the country, the Ukrainians have found themselves in a more difficult situation.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Since the Russian full-scale invasion, Ukraine has had to conserve energy. There have been <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">reports of blackouts</a> in various regions across the country to conserve heat and electricity. This winter may be more brutal, and residents will need to conserve their energy as it is estimated that blackouts could reach up to <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">20 hours per day</a>. In other words, the race is on for Ukraine to ensure that its energy sector is prepared to make it through another harsh winter.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">For Ukraine, these energy risks are nothing new. Prior to the full-scale invasion in 2022, the Ukrainians were subjected to Russian attacks on their energy sector. For example, in 2015, the Ukrainians <a href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ir-alert-h-16-056-01\">experienced power outages</a> in the dead of winter in December 2015. It was soon discovered that Russia had launched a cyber-attack on Ukraine’s energy infrastructure. Thousands of Ukrainians were temporarily left without power. Then, in 2016, the Russians <a href=\"https://jsis.washington.edu/news/cyberattack-critical-infrastructure-russia-ukrainian-power-grid-attacks/\">launched</a> a similar cyber-attack when they tampered with Kyiv’s energy supplies. Since then, Russian cyber-attacks on Ukrainian energy infrastructure have become common.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">These events have helped Ukraine strengthen its energy infrastructure, and the country has enhanced its cyber defences. But these improvements did not stand a chance against Russia’s aerial bombardments. Since 2022, the Ukrainians have worked hard to try and address the issues caused by Russian missile strikes, especially during the winter months.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ukraine previously succeeded during the previous two winters, but this time will be different. To date, Russian bombardments have <a href=\"https://time.com/7008613/ukraine-russia-power-sector-frontline/#:~:text=Some%2060%25%20of%20Ukraine's%20power,reach%2020%20hours%20per%20day.\">destroyed</a> 60 per cent of Ukraine’s power generation capacity. Furthermore, Ukraine is enduring its worst rolling blackouts since the start of the Russian full-scale invasion in February 2022.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ukrainians are working urgently to address these concerns. One option is to <a href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/11/russia-attacks-ukraine-energy-infrastructure-power-plants-electricity/\">rebuild</a> their damaged and destroyed energy facilities. At the same time, others have <a href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/23/winter-and-the-bumpy-road-ahead-for-ukraine\">turned</a> to the option of nuclear energy to stabilize the country’s power supply during this critical period.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">But there are several challenges with these approaches. First, Ukraine lacks sufficient anti-aircraft systems and ammunition to <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/22/europe-struggles-to-strengthen-ukraine-s-air-defense-system_6669152_4.html\">defend itself</a> against Russian attacks. This leaves its infrastructure exposed and it also complicates reconstruction efforts. Furthermore, Ukraine is still subjected to Russian bombardments. If Ukraine is unable to protect its energy infrastructure from Moscow’s current and future attacks, then these reconstruction efforts would be meaningless. After all, this infrastructure would only be destroyed again in a Russian attack. The threat of attacks on these rebuilding efforts also makes it difficult for Ukraine to raise money through investments for these reconstruction efforts.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">These challenges cannot be ignored. However, the Ukrainians may have options on how to boost their energy-generating capacity ahead of winter. For example, Ukraine could seek to enhance its greater power grid interconnectivity. When the Russian invasion of Ukraine <a href=\"https://euobserver.com/news/ar8ec3bccc\">began</a>, “the Ukrainians <a href=\"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/2-years-ukraine-and-moldova-synchronised-electricity-grids-eu-2024-03-15_en\">synchronised</a> their electricity grids with the Continental European Network. This has helped Ukraine ‘<a href=\"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/37851\">stabilise its electricity system</a>’.” It has also made Ukraine’s energy sector less reliant on Russia. Pursuing other avenues to cut ties with Russian energy while strengthening integration with Europe could be effective.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Second, decentralized energy systems may help Ukraine’s energy issues. For example, constructing <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">decentralized energy sources</a> would make Ukrainian energy infrastructure less susceptible to Russian attacks. Local municipalities have <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">deployed</a> small gas turbines to power homes, hospitals and essential services. While this is a temporary solution for Ukraine to prepare for the upcoming winter, the Ukrainians will need to work with energy experts to establish a long-term solution.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">In short, Ukraine is racing against time to prepare for a potentially bleak winter. Prioritizing the resilience of Ukraine’s energy infrastructure is essential. The Ukrainian government must take actions to ensure that energy demands are met across the country. This should include hardening critical energy facilities against cyber-attacks and physical threats, as well as developing contingency plans for rapid power restoration in the case of disruptions. Addressing these issues will help the Ukrainians prepare for the upcoming brutal and bleak winter. Otherwise, Ukraine may suffer.</span>\n<span class=\"para\"><strong>Mark Temnycky</strong> is an <a href=\"https://wakelet.com/@MTemnycky\">accredited freelance journalist</a> covering Eurasian affairs and a <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">nonresident fellow</a> at the Atlantic Council Eurasia Center.</span>\n<span class=\"para\"><span> </span></span>\n",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"es": {
            key:"value": string:"<span class=\"para\"><span>A medida que los rusos continúan su invasión a gran escala de Ucrania, otra crisis se avecina. Según varios medios de comunicación, la infraestructura energética de Ucrania puede no estar lista para el próximo invierno.</span></span>\n<span class=\"para\"><span>En un informe reciente, el grupo de expertos Royal United Services Institute </span><a href=\"https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/bracing-hardest-winter-protecting-ukraines-energy-infrastructure\">afirmó</a><span> que los ucranianos están “preparándose para [su] invierno más duro”. Mientras tanto, la Associated Press </span><a href=\"https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-energy-russia-airstrikes-greenpeace-1dfe7e60d4f9291f1196afda1a19373a\">dijo</a><span> que Ucrania enfrentará su “invierno más duro debido a los ataques rusos intensificados a la infraestructura energética”.</span></span>\n<span class=\"para\">Hay varias razones para encender la alarma sobre el estado de la infraestructura energética de Ucrania. A medida que Europa se acerca al próximo invierno, el sector energético de Ucrania se encuentra en riesgo. Cuando comenzó la invasión a gran escala de Rusia en febrero de 2024, los rusos <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984l87l2w6o\">capturaron y controlaron</a> la <a href=\"https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/04/europes-largest-nuclear-plant-shuts-down-after-a-russian-attack\">Central Nuclear de Zaporizhzhia</a> (ZNPP), un gran proveedor de energía en Ucrania. Tras estos eventos, los rusos <a href=\"https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/one-year-on-russia-continues-ecological-warfare-in-ukraine\">bombardearon</a> la ZNPP. Esto alarmó a las Naciones Unidas, a la Agencia Internacional de Energía Atómica y a la Agencia de Energía Nuclear.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Además, los rusos han <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/europe/russia-ukraine-nuclear-zelensky-un-intl/index.html\">destruido</a> numerosas plantas de energía térmica en toda Ucrania. Los rusos también han atacado la capacidad hidroeléctrica de Ucrania. Finalmente, Rusia ha <a href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/0904/russia-attack-ukrainian-electric-grid\">lanzado</a> numerosos ataques a las redes eléctricas ucranianas.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Esta devastación ha tenido un costo significativo en la infraestructura energética de Ucrania. Si los ucranianos no pueden reparar las instalaciones energéticas dañadas o destruidas antes del invierno, entonces se encontrarán en una situación difícil.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Los ucranianos han lidiado con inviernos fríos incluso cuando los rusos han manipulado los suministros de energía y gas de Kyiv. Pero con el constante bombardeo de instalaciones en el país, los ucranianos se han encontrado en una situación más difícil.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Desde la invasión a gran escala de Rusia, Ucrania ha tenido que conservar energía. Ha habido <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">informes de cortes de energía</a> en varias regiones del país para conservar calor y electricidad. Este invierno puede ser más brutal, y los residentes necesitarán conservar su energía ya que se estima que los cortes de energía podrían alcanzar hasta <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">20 horas por día</a>. En otras palabras, la carrera está en marcha para que Ucrania asegure que su sector energético esté preparado para sobrevivir otro invierno duro.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Para Ucrania, estos riesgos energéticos no son nada nuevo. Antes de la invasión a gran escala en 2022, los ucranianos fueron objeto de ataques rusos a su sector energético. Por ejemplo, en 2015, los ucranianos <a href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ir-alert-h-16-056-01\">experimentaron cortes de energía</a> en pleno invierno en diciembre de 2015. Pronto se descubrió que Rusia había lanzado un ciberataque a la infraestructura energética de Ucrania. Miles de ucranianos quedaron temporalmente sin electricidad. Luego, en 2016, los rusos <a href=\"https://jsis.washington.edu/news/cyberattack-critical-infrastructure-russia-ukrainian-power-grid-attacks/\">lanzaron</a> un ciberataque similar cuando manipularon los suministros de energía de Kyiv. Desde entonces, los ciberataques rusos a la infraestructura energética ucraniana se han vuelto comunes.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Estos eventos han ayudado a Ucrania a fortalecer su infraestructura energética, y el país ha mejorado sus defensas cibernéticas. Pero estas mejoras no tuvieron oportunidad contra los bombardeos aéreos de Rusia. Desde 2022, los ucranianos han trabajado arduamente para tratar de abordar los problemas causados por los ataques con misiles rusos, especialmente durante los meses de invierno.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ucrania tuvo éxito durante los dos inviernos anteriores, pero esta vez será diferente. Hasta la fecha, los bombardeos rusos han <a href=\"https://time.com/7008613/ukraine-russia-power-sector-frontline/#:~:text=Some%2060%25%20of%20Ukraine's%20power,reach%2020%20hours%20per%20day.\">destruido</a> el 60 por ciento de la capacidad de generación de energía de Ucrania. Además, Ucrania está soportando sus peores cortes de energía desde el inicio de la invasión a gran escala de Rusia en febrero de 2022.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Los ucranianos están trabajando urgentemente para abordar estas preocupaciones. Una opción es <a href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/11/russia-attacks-ukraine-energy-infrastructure-power-plants-electricity/\">reconstruir</a> sus instalaciones energéticas dañadas y destruidas. Al mismo tiempo, otros han <a href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/23/winter-and-the-bumpy-road-ahead-for-ukraine\">optado</a> por la opción de la energía nuclear para estabilizar el suministro de energía del país durante este período crítico.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Pero hay varios desafíos con estos enfoques. Primero, Ucrania carece de sistemas y municiones antiaéreas suficientes para <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/22/europe-struggles-to-strengthen-ukraine-s-air-defense-system_6669152_4.html\">defenderse</a> de los ataques rusos. Esto deja su infraestructura expuesta y también complica los esfuerzos de reconstrucción. Además, Ucrania sigue siendo objeto de bombardeos rusos. Si Ucrania no puede proteger su infraestructura energética de los ataques actuales y futuros de Moscú, entonces estos esfuerzos de reconstrucción serían inútiles. Después de todo, esta infraestructura solo sería destruida nuevamente en un ataque ruso. La amenaza de ataques a estos esfuerzos de reconstrucción también dificulta que Ucrania recaude dinero a través de inversiones para estos esfuerzos de reconstrucción.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Estos desafíos no pueden ser ignorados. Sin embargo, los ucranianos pueden tener opciones sobre cómo aumentar su capacidad de generación de energía antes del invierno. Por ejemplo, Ucrania podría buscar mejorar su mayor interconectividad de la red eléctrica. Cuando comenzó la invasión rusa de Ucrania <a href=\"https://euobserver.com/news/ar8ec3bccc\">“los ucranianos <a href=\"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/2-years-ukraine-and-moldova-synchronised-electricity-grids-eu-2024-03-15_en\">sincronizaron</a> sus redes eléctricas con la Red Europea Continental. Esto ha ayudado a Ucrania a ‘<a href=\"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/37851\">estabilizar su sistema eléctrico</a>’.” También ha hecho que el sector energético de Ucrania sea menos dependiente de Rusia. Buscar otras vías para cortar lazos con la energía rusa mientras se fortalece la integración con Europa podría ser efectivo.</a></span>\n<span class=\"para\">En segundo lugar, los sistemas de energía descentralizados pueden ayudar a los problemas energéticos de Ucrania. Por ejemplo, construir <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">fuentes de energía descentralizadas</a> haría que la infraestructura energética ucraniana fuera menos susceptible a los ataques rusos. Los municipios locales han <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">desplegado</a> pequeñas turbinas de gas para alimentar hogares, hospitales y servicios esenciales. Si bien esta es una solución temporal para que Ucrania se prepare para el próximo invierno, los ucranianos necesitarán trabajar con expertos en energía para establecer una solución a largo plazo.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">En resumen, Ucrania está contra el tiempo para prepararse para un invierno potencialmente sombrío. Priorizar la resiliencia de la infraestructura energética de Ucrania es esencial. El gobierno ucraniano debe tomar medidas para garantizar que se satisfagan las demandas energéticas en todo el país. Esto debería incluir fortalecer las instalaciones energéticas críticas contra ciberataques y amenazas físicas, así como desarrollar planes de contingencia para la rápida restauración de la energía en caso de interrupciones. Abordar estos problemas ayudará a los ucranianos a prepararse para el próximo invierno brutal y sombrío. De lo contrario, Ucrania podría sufrir.</span>\n<span class=\"para\"><strong>Mark Temnycky</strong> es un <a href=\"https://wakelet.com/@MTemnycky\">periodista freelance acreditado</a> que cubre asuntos euroasiáticos y un <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">becario no residente</a> en el Centro Eurasia del Atlantic Council.</span>\n<span class=\"para\"><span> </span></span>",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"fi": {
            key:"value": string:"<span class=\"para\"><span>Kun venäläiset jatkavat täysimittaista hyökkäystään Ukrainaan, toinen kriisi on käsillä. Useiden uutislähteiden mukaan Ukrainan energiarakenne ei ehkä ole valmis tulevaan talveen.</span></span>\n<span class=\"para\"><span>Äskettäin julkaistussa raportissa Royal United Services Institute -ajatushautomo </span><a href=\"https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/bracing-hardest-winter-protecting-ukraines-energy-infrastructure\">totesi</a><span>, että ukrainalaiset ovat “valmistautumassa [heidän] vaikeimpaan talveensa”. Samaan aikaan Associated Press </span><a href=\"https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-energy-russia-airstrikes-greenpeace-1dfe7e60d4f9291f1196afda1a19373a\">kertoi</a><span>, että Ukraina kohtaa “vaikeimman talven venäläisten energiarakenteeseen kohdistuvien hyökkäysten vuoksi”.</span></span>\n<span class=\"para\">On useita syitä nostaa hälytys Ukrainan energiarakenteen tilasta. Kun Eurooppa lähestyy tulevaa talvea, Ukrainan energiateollisuus on vaarassa. Kun Venäjän täysimittainen hyökkäys alkoi helmikuussa 2024, venäläiset <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984l87l2w6o\">valtasivat ja hallitsivat</a> <a href=\"https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/04/europes-largest-nuclear-plant-shuts-down-after-a-russian-attack\">Zaporizhzhian</a> ydinvoimalan (ZNPP), joka on suuri energian tuottaja Ukrainassa. Näiden tapahtumien jälkeen venäläiset <a href=\"https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/one-year-on-russia-continues-ecological-warfare-in-ukraine\">tuli</a> ZNPP:hen. Tämä herätti huolta Yhdistyneissä kansakunnissa, Kansainvälisessä atomienergia- ja ydinenergiajärjestössä.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Lisäksi venäläiset ovat <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/europe/russia-ukraine-nuclear-zelensky-un-intl/index.html\">tuhoaneet</a> lukuisia lämpövoimaloita ympäri Ukrainaa. Venäläiset ovat myös kohdistaneet hyökkäyksiä Ukrainan vesivoimakapasiteettiin. Lopuksi Venäjä on <a href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/0904/russia-attack-ukrainian-electric-grid\">aloittanut</a> lukuisia iskuja Ukrainan sähköverkkoja vastaan.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Tämä tuho on vaikuttanut merkittävästi Ukrainan energiarakenteeseen. Jos ukrainalaiset eivät pysty korjaamaan vaurioituneita tai tuhoutuneita energialaitoksia ennen talvea, he ovat vaikeassa tilanteessa.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ukrainalaiset ovat selviytyneet kylmistä talvista, vaikka venäläiset ovat sekoittaneet Kiovan energia- ja kaasutoimituksia. Mutta jatkuvan pommituksen vuoksi maan laitoksille ukrainalaiset ovat löytäneet itsensä vaikeammasta tilanteesta.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Venäjän täysimittaisen hyökkäyksen jälkeen Ukraina on joutunut säästämään energiaa. On ollut <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">raportteja sähkökatkoista</a> eri alueilla ympäri maata lämmön ja sähkön säästämiseksi. Tämä talvi saattaa olla ankarampi, ja asukkaiden on säästettävä energiaa, sillä arvioiden mukaan sähkökatkot voivat kestää jopa <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">20 tuntia päivässä</a>. Toisin sanoen kilpailu on käynnissä Ukrainan varmistamiseksi, että sen energiateollisuus on valmis selviytymään toisesta ankarasta talvesta.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ukrainalle nämä energiariskit eivät ole mitään uutta. Ennen täysimittaista hyökkäystä vuonna 2022 ukrainalaiset olivat venäläisten hyökkäysten kohteena energiateollisuudessaan. Esimerkiksi vuonna 2015 ukrainalaiset <a href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ir-alert-h-16-056-01\">kokivat sähkökatkoja</a> talven keskellä joulukuussa 2015. Pian havaittiin, että Venäjä oli käynnistänyt kyberhyökkäyksen Ukrainan energiarakenteeseen. Tuhannet ukrainalaiset jäivät tilapäisesti ilman sähköä. Sitten vuonna 2016 venäläiset <a href=\"https://jsis.washington.edu/news/cyberattack-critical-infrastructure-russia-ukrainian-power-grid-attacks/\">aloittivat</a> samanlaisen kyberhyökkäyksen, kun he sekoittivat Kiovan energialähteitä. Siitä lähtien venäläiset kyberhyökkäykset Ukrainan energiarakenteeseen ovat tulleet tavallisiksi.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Nämä tapahtumat ovat auttaneet Ukrainaa vahvistamaan energiarakennettaan, ja maa on parantanut kyberpuolustustaan. Mutta nämä parannukset eivät kestäneet Venäjän ilmaiskuja vastaan. Vuodesta 2022 lähtien ukrainalaiset ovat työskennelleet ahkerasti yrittäessään ratkaista venäläisten ohjusiskujen aiheuttamia ongelmia, erityisesti talvikuukausina.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ukraina onnistui aiemmin edellisinä kahtena talvena, mutta tällä kertaa on toisin. Tähän mennessä venäläiset pommitukset ovat <a href=\"https://time.com/7008613/ukraine-russia-power-sector-frontline/#:~:text=Some%2060%25%20of%20Ukraine's%20power,reach%2020%20hours%20per%20day.\">tuhoaneet</a> 60 prosenttia Ukrainan sähköntuotantokapasiteetista. Lisäksi Ukraina kärsii pahimmista vuorottelusähkönkatkoista sitten Venäjän täysimittaisen hyökkäyksen alkamisen helmikuussa 2022.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ukrainalaiset työskentelevät kiireellisesti näiden huolien ratkaisemiseksi. Yksi vaihtoehto on <a href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/11/russia-attacks-ukraine-energy-infrastructure-power-plants-electricity/\">uudelleenrakentaa</a> vaurioituneet ja tuhoutuneet energialaitokset. Samaan aikaan toiset ovat <a href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/23/winter-and-the-bumpy-road-ahead-for-ukraine\">kääntyneet</a> ydinenergian vaihtoehdon puoleen vakauttaakseen maan sähköntoimitusta tänä kriittisenä aikana.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Mutta näissä lähestymistavoissa on useita haasteita. Ensinnäkin Ukrainalta puuttuu riittävästi ilmatorjuntajärjestelmiä ja ammuksia <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/22/europe-struggles-to-strengthen-ukraine-s-air-defense-system_6669152_4.html\">puolustautuakseen</a> venäläisten hyökkäyksiltä. Tämä altistaa sen infrastruktuurin ja vaikeuttaa myös jälleenrakennusyrityksiä. Lisäksi Ukraina on edelleen venäläisten pommitusten kohteena. Jos Ukraina ei pysty suojelemaan energiarakennettaan Moskovan nykyisiltä ja tulevilta hyökkäyksiltä, niin nämä jälleenrakennusyritykset olisivat merkityksettömiä. Loppujen lopuksi tämä infrastruktuuri tuhotaan vain uudelleen venäläisessä hyökkäyksessä. Hyökkäyksen uhka näitä jälleenrakennusyrityksiä kohtaan tekee myös vaikeaksi Ukrainalle kerätä varoja investoinneista näihin jälleenrakennusyrityksiin.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Näitä haasteita ei voi sivuuttaa. Kuitenkin ukrainalaisilla saattaa olla vaihtoehtoja energian tuottamiskyvyn lisäämiseksi ennen talvea. Esimerkiksi Ukraina voisi pyrkiä parantamaan suurempaa sähköverkkoyhteyksien välistä yhteyttä. Kun Venäjän hyökkäys Ukrainaan <a href=\"https://euobserver.com/news/ar8ec3bccc\">alkoi</a>, “ukrainalaiset <a href=\"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/2-years-ukraine-and-moldova-synchronised-electricity-grids-eu-2024-03-15_en\">synkronisoivat</a> sähköverkkojaan mantereisen Euroopan verkon kanssa. Tämä on auttanut Ukrainaa ‘<a href=\"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/37851\">vakauttamaan sähköjärjestelmänsä</a>’.” Se on myös vähentänyt Ukrainan energiateollisuuden riippuvuutta Venäjästä. Muiden keinojen etsiminen venäläisestä energiasta irtautumiseksi samalla kun vahvistetaan integraatiota Euroopan kanssa voisi olla tehokasta.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Toiseksi, hajautetut energiajärjestelmät voivat auttaa Ukrainan energiateollisuuden ongelmissa. Esimerkiksi <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">hajautettujen energialähteiden</a> rakentaminen tekisi Ukrainan energiarakenteesta vähemmän alttiin venäläisten hyökkäyksille. Paikalliset kunnalliset hallinnot ovat <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">ottaneet käyttöön</a> pieniä kaasuturbiineja kotien, sairaaloiden ja välttämättömien palveluiden voiman tuottamiseksi. Vaikka tämä on tilapäinen ratkaisu Ukrainalle valmistautua tulevaan talveen, ukrainalaisten on työskenneltävä energian asiantuntijoiden kanssa pitkän aikavälin ratkaisun löytämiseksi.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Lyhyesti sanottuna Ukraina kilpailee aikaa vastaan valmistautuakseen mahdollisesti synkkään talveen. Ukrainan energiarakenteen kestävyyden priorisoiminen on välttämätöntä. Ukrainan hallituksen on toteutettava toimenpiteitä varmistaakseen, että energian kysyntä täytetään koko maassa. Tämä tulisi sisältää kriittisten energialaitosten suojaamisen kyberhyökkäyksiltä ja fyysisiltä uhkilta sekä kehittää varasuunnitelmia nopeaa sähköntoimituksen palauttamista varten häiriötilanteissa. Näiden ongelmien ratkaiseminen auttaa ukrainalaisia valmistautumaan tulevaan ankaraan ja synkkään talveen. Muuten Ukraina saattaa kärsiä.</span>\n<span class=\"para\"><strong>Mark Temnycky</strong> on <a href=\"https://wakelet.com/@MTemnycky\">akkreditoitu freelance-toimittaja</a>, joka katsoo Euraasian asioita ja on <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">ei-asuinpaikkansa tutkija</a> Atlantic Councilin Euraasia-keskuksessa.</span>\n<span class=\"para\"><span> </span></span>",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"fr": {
            key:"value": string:"<span class=\"para\"><span>Alors que les Russes poursuivent leur invasion à grande échelle de l'Ukraine, une autre crise se profile. Selon plusieurs médias, l'infrastructure énergétique de l'Ukraine pourrait ne pas être prête pour l'hiver à venir.</span></span>\n<span class=\"para\"><span>Dans un rapport récent, le think tank Royal United Services Institute </span><a href=\"https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/bracing-hardest-winter-protecting-ukraines-energy-infrastructure\">a déclaré</a><span> que les Ukrainiens se préparent à “leur hiver le plus difficile”. Pendant ce temps, l'Associated Press </span><a href=\"https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-energy-russia-airstrikes-greenpeace-1dfe7e60d4f9291f1196afda1a19373a\">a dit</a><span> que l'Ukraine fera face à “son hiver le plus difficile en raison des attaques russes intensifiées sur l'infrastructure énergétique”.</span></span>\n<span class=\"para\">Il y a plusieurs raisons de tirer la sonnette d'alarme sur l'état de l'infrastructure énergétique de l'Ukraine. Alors que l'Europe approche de l'hiver à venir, le secteur énergétique de l'Ukraine se trouve en danger. Lorsque l'invasion à grande échelle de la Russie a commencé en février 2024, les Russes <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984l87l2w6o\">ont capturé et contrôlé</a> la <a href=\"https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/04/europes-largest-nuclear-plant-shuts-down-after-a-russian-attack\">centrale nucléaire de Zaporizhzhia</a> (ZNPP), un grand fournisseur d'énergie en Ukraine. Suite à ces événements, les Russes <a href=\"https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/one-year-on-russia-continues-ecological-warfare-in-ukraine\">ont bombardé</a> la ZNPP. Cela a alarmé les Nations Unies, l'Agence internationale de l'énergie atomique et l'Agence de l'énergie nucléaire.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">De plus, les Russes ont <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/europe/russia-ukraine-nuclear-zelensky-un-intl/index.html\">détruit</a> de nombreuses centrales thermiques à travers l'Ukraine. Les Russes ont également ciblé la capacité hydroélectrique de l'Ukraine. Enfin, la Russie a <a href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/0904/russia-attack-ukrainian-electric-grid\">lancé</a> de nombreuses frappes sur les réseaux électriques ukrainiens.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Cette dévastation a eu un impact significatif sur l'infrastructure énergétique de l'Ukraine. Si les Ukrainiens ne peuvent pas réparer les installations énergétiques endommagées ou détruites avant l'hiver, ils se retrouveront dans une situation difficile.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Les Ukrainiens ont fait face à des hivers froids même lorsque les Russes ont perturbé les approvisionnements en énergie et en gaz de Kyiv. Mais avec le bombardement constant des installations dans le pays, les Ukrainiens se sont retrouvés dans une situation plus difficile.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Depuis l'invasion à grande échelle de la Russie, l'Ukraine a dû conserver de l'énergie. Il y a eu <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">des rapports de coupures de courant</a> dans diverses régions du pays pour conserver la chaleur et l'électricité. Cet hiver pourrait être plus brutal, et les résidents devront conserver leur énergie car il est estimé que les coupures de courant pourraient atteindre jusqu'à <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">20 heures par jour</a>. En d'autres termes, la course est lancée pour que l'Ukraine s'assure que son secteur énergétique est prêt à traverser un autre hiver rigoureux.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Pour l'Ukraine, ces risques énergétiques ne sont pas nouveaux. Avant l'invasion à grande échelle en 2022, les Ukrainiens étaient soumis à des attaques russes sur leur secteur énergétique. Par exemple, en 2015, les Ukrainiens <a href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ir-alert-h-16-056-01\">ont connu des pannes de courant</a> en plein hiver en décembre 2015. Il a rapidement été découvert que la Russie avait lancé une cyberattaque contre l'infrastructure énergétique de l'Ukraine. Des milliers d'Ukrainiens ont été temporairement privés d'électricité. Puis, en 2016, les Russes <a href=\"https://jsis.washington.edu/news/cyberattack-critical-infrastructure-russia-ukrainian-power-grid-attacks/\">ont lancé</a> une cyberattaque similaire lorsqu'ils ont perturbé les approvisionnements énergétiques de Kyiv. Depuis lors, les cyberattaques russes sur l'infrastructure énergétique ukrainienne sont devenues courantes.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ces événements ont aidé l'Ukraine à renforcer son infrastructure énergétique, et le pays a amélioré ses défenses cybernétiques. Mais ces améliorations n'ont eu aucune chance face aux bombardements aériens de la Russie. Depuis 2022, les Ukrainiens ont travaillé dur pour essayer de résoudre les problèmes causés par les frappes de missiles russes, surtout pendant les mois d'hiver.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">L'Ukraine a réussi lors des deux hivers précédents, mais cette fois-ci sera différente. À ce jour, les bombardements russes ont <a href=\"https://time.com/7008613/ukraine-russia-power-sector-frontline/#:~:text=Some%2060%25%20of%20Ukraine's%20power,reach%2020%20hours%20per%20day.\">détruit</a> 60 % de la capacité de production d'énergie de l'Ukraine. De plus, l'Ukraine endure ses pires coupures de courant depuis le début de l'invasion à grande échelle de la Russie en février 2022.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Les Ukrainiens travaillent d'urgence pour résoudre ces préoccupations. Une option est de <a href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/11/russia-attacks-ukraine-energy-infrastructure-power-plants-electricity/\">reconstruire</a> leurs installations énergétiques endommagées et détruites. En même temps, d'autres se sont <a href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/23/winter-and-the-bumpy-road-ahead-for-ukraine\">tournés</a> vers l'option de l'énergie nucléaire pour stabiliser l'approvisionnement énergétique du pays pendant cette période critique.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Mais il y a plusieurs défis avec ces approches. Tout d'abord, l'Ukraine manque de systèmes anti-aériens et de munitions suffisants pour <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/22/europe-struggles-to-strengthen-ukraine-s-air-defense-system_6669152_4.html\">se défendre</a> contre les attaques russes. Cela laisse son infrastructure exposée et complique également les efforts de reconstruction. De plus, l'Ukraine est toujours soumise aux bombardements russes. Si l'Ukraine n'est pas en mesure de protéger son infrastructure énergétique contre les attaques actuelles et futures de Moscou, alors ces efforts de reconstruction seraient vains. Après tout, cette infrastructure ne serait que de nouveau détruite lors d'une attaque russe. La menace d'attaques sur ces efforts de reconstruction rend également difficile pour l'Ukraine de lever des fonds par le biais d'investissements pour ces efforts de reconstruction.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ces défis ne peuvent pas être ignorés. Cependant, les Ukrainiens peuvent avoir des options sur la façon d'augmenter leur capacité de production d'énergie avant l'hiver. Par exemple, l'Ukraine pourrait chercher à améliorer son interconnexion avec le réseau électrique européen. Lorsque l'invasion russe de l'Ukraine <a href=\"https://euobserver.com/news/ar8ec3bccc\">a commencé</a>, “les Ukrainiens <a href=\"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/2-years-ukraine-and-moldova-synchronised-electricity-grids-eu-2024-03-15_en\">ont synchronisé</a> leurs réseaux électriques avec le Réseau européen continental. Cela a aidé l'Ukraine à ‘<a href=\"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/37851\">stabiliser son système électrique</a>’.” Cela a également rendu le secteur énergétique de l'Ukraine moins dépendant de la Russie. Poursuivre d'autres voies pour couper les liens avec l'énergie russe tout en renforçant l'intégration avec l'Europe pourrait être efficace.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Deuxièmement, des systèmes énergétiques décentralisés pourraient aider à résoudre les problèmes énergétiques de l'Ukraine. Par exemple, la construction de <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">sources d'énergie décentralisées</a> rendrait l'infrastructure énergétique ukrainienne moins susceptible aux attaques russes. Les municipalités locales ont <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">déployé</a> de petites turbines à gaz pour alimenter les maisons, les hôpitaux et les services essentiels. Bien que cela soit une solution temporaire pour que l'Ukraine se prépare à l'hiver à venir, les Ukrainiens devront travailler avec des experts en énergie pour établir une solution à long terme.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">En résumé, l'Ukraine court contre la montre pour se préparer à un hiver potentiellement sombre. Prioriser la résilience de l'infrastructure énergétique de l'Ukraine est essentiel. Le gouvernement ukrainien doit prendre des mesures pour s'assurer que les demandes énergétiques sont satisfaites à travers le pays. Cela devrait inclure le renforcement des installations énergétiques critiques contre les cyberattaques et les menaces physiques, ainsi que le développement de plans d'urgence pour une restauration rapide de l'énergie en cas de perturbations. S'attaquer à ces problèmes aidera les Ukrainiens à se préparer pour l'hiver brutal et sombre à venir. Sinon, l'Ukraine pourrait souffrir.</span>\n<span class=\"para\"><strong>Mark Temnycky</strong> est un <a href=\"https://wakelet.com/@MTemnycky\">journaliste indépendant accrédité</a> couvrant les affaires eurasiennes et un <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">chercheur non résident</a> au Centre Eurasie du Conseil atlantique.</span>\n<span class=\"para\"><span> </span></span>",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"hr": {
            key:"value": string:"<span class=\"para\"><span>Dok Rusi nastavljaju svoju punu invaziju na Ukrajinu, nova kriza je na pomolu. Prema nekoliko novinskih izvora, energetska infrastruktura Ukrajine možda nije spremna za nadolazeću zimu.</span></span>\n<span class=\"para\"><span>U nedavnom izvještaju, think tank Royal United Services Institute </span><a href=\"https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/bracing-hardest-winter-protecting-ukraines-energy-infrastructure\">izjavio</a><span> da se Ukrajinci “pripremaju za [svoju] najtežu zimu”. U međuvremenu, Associated Press </span><a href=\"https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-energy-russia-airstrikes-greenpeace-1dfe7e60d4f9291f1196afda1a19373a\">rekao</a><span> da će Ukrajina doživjeti svoju “najtežu zimu zbog pojačanih ruskih napada na energetsku infrastrukturu”.</span></span>\n<span class=\"para\">Postoji nekoliko razloga za uzbunu zbog stanja energetske infrastrukture Ukrajine. Kako se Europa približava nadolazećoj zimi, energetski sektor Ukrajine nalazi se u opasnosti. Kada je puna invazija Rusije započela u veljači 2024., Rusi su <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984l87l2w6o\">zauzeli i kontrolirali</a> <a href=\"https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/04/europes-largest-nuclear-plant-shuts-down-after-a-russian-attack\">Nuklearnu elektranu Zaporizhzhia</a> (ZNPP), velikog dobavljača energije u Ukrajini. Nakon tih događaja, Rusi su <a href=\"https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/one-year-on-russia-continues-ecological-warfare-in-ukraine\">granatirali</a> ZNPP. To je alarmiralo Ujedinjene narode, Međunarodnu agenciju za atomsku energiju i Agenciju za nuklearnu energiju.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Nadalje, Rusi su <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/europe/russia-ukraine-nuclear-zelensky-un-intl/index.html\">uništili</a> brojne termoelektrane širom Ukrajine. Rusi su također ciljali hidroelektričnu kapacitet Ukrajine. Na kraju, Rusija je <a href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/0904/russia-attack-ukrainian-electric-grid\">izvela</a> brojne napade na ukrajinske elektroenergetske mreže.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ova devastacija imala je značajan utjecaj na energetsku infrastrukturu Ukrajine. Ako Ukrajinci ne mogu popraviti oštećene ili uništene energetske objekte prije zime, bit će u teškoj situaciji.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ukrajinci su se nosili s hladnim zimama čak i kada su Rusi ometali opskrbu energijom i plinom u Kijevu. No, s konstantnim granatiranjem objekata u zemlji, Ukrajinci su se našli u težoj situaciji.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Od punog opsega ruske invazije, Ukrajina je morala štedjeti energiju. Bilo je <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">izvještaja o isključenjima struje</a> u raznim regijama širom zemlje kako bi se sačuvala toplina i električna energija. Ova zima bi mogla biti brutalnija, a stanovnici će morati štedjeti energiju jer se procjenjuje da bi isključenja mogla doseći do <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">20 sati dnevno</a>. >Drugim riječima, utrka je počela za Ukrajinu da osigura da njen energetski sektor bude spreman za još jednu tešku zimu.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Za Ukrajinu, ovi energetski rizici nisu ništa novo. Prije pune invazije 2022. godine, Ukrajinci su bili podvrgnuti ruskim napadima na svoj energetski sektor. Na primjer, 2015. godine, Ukrajinci su <a href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ir-alert-h-16-056-01\">iskusili isključenja struje</a> usred zime u prosincu 2015. godine. Ubrzo je otkriveno da je Rusija pokrenula cyber-napad na energetsku infrastrukturu Ukrajine. Tisuće Ukrajinaca privremeno je ostalo bez struje. Zatim, 2016. godine, Rusi su <a href=\"https://jsis.washington.edu/news/cyberattack-critical-infrastructure-russia-ukrainian-power-grid-attacks/\">izveli</a> sličan cyber-napad kada su ometali opskrbu energijom u Kijevu. Od tada su ruski cyber-napadi na ukrajinsku energetsku infrastrukturu postali uobičajeni.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ovi događaji pomogli su Ukrajini da ojača svoju energetsku infrastrukturu, a zemlja je poboljšala svoje cyber obrane. No, ova poboljšanja nisu imala šanse protiv ruskih zračnih bombardiranja. Od 2022. godine, Ukrajinci su naporno radili na rješavanju problema uzrokovanih ruskim raketnim napadima, posebno tijekom zimskih mjeseci.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ukrajina je prethodno uspjela tijekom prethodne dvije zime, ali ovaj put će biti drugačije. Do danas, ruska bombardiranja su <a href=\"https://time.com/7008613/ukraine-russia-power-sector-frontline/#:~:text=Some%2060%25%20of%20Ukraine's%20power,reach%2020%20hours%20per%20day.\">uništila</a> 60 posto kapaciteta proizvodnje struje Ukrajine. Nadalje, Ukrajina trpi svoja najgora isključenja struje od početka ruske pune invazije u veljači 2022.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ukrajinci hitno rade na rješavanju ovih problema. Jedna opcija je <a href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/11/russia-attacks-ukraine-energy-infrastructure-power-plants-electricity/\">obnova</a> njihovih oštećenih i uništenih energetskih objekata. U isto vrijeme, drugi su <a href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/23/winter-and-the-bumpy-road-ahead-for-ukraine\">okrenuli</a> se opciji nuklearne energije kako bi stabilizirali opskrbu strujom zemlje tijekom ovog kritičnog razdoblja.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">No, postoje nekoliko izazova s ovim pristupima. Prvo, Ukrajina nema dovoljno protuzračnih sustava i municije da se <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/22/europe-struggles-to-strengthen-ukraine-s-air-defense-system_6669152_4.html\">obrani</a> od ruskih napada. To ostavlja njezinu infrastrukturu izloženu i također komplicira napore obnove. Nadalje, Ukrajina je još uvijek podložna ruskim bombardiranjima. Ako Ukrajina ne bude mogla zaštititi svoju energetsku infrastrukturu od trenutnih i budućih napada Moskve, tada bi ovi napori obnove bili besmisleni. Na kraju, ova infrastruktura bi ponovno bila uništena u ruskom napadu. Prijetnja napada na ove napore obnove također otežava Ukrajini prikupljanje novca kroz investicije za ove napore obnove.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ovi izazovi se ne mogu ignorirati. Međutim, Ukrajinci možda imaju opcije kako povećati svoju kapacitet za proizvodnju energije prije zime. Na primjer, Ukrajina bi mogla nastojati poboljšati svoju veću međusobnu povezanost elektroenergetskih mreža. Kada je ruska invazija na Ukrajinu <a href=\"https://euobserver.com/news/ar8ec3bccc\">započela</a>, “Ukrajinci su <a href=\"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/2-years-ukraine-and-moldova-synchronised-electricity-grids-eu-2024-03-15_en\">sinkronizirali</a> svoje elektroenergetske mreže s Kontinentalnom europskom mrežom. To je pomoglo Ukrajini da ‘<a href=\"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/37851\">stabilizira svoj elektroenergetski sustav</a>’.” Također je učinilo energetski sektor Ukrajine manje ovisnim o Rusiji. Istraživanje drugih puteva za prekid veza s ruskom energijom dok se jača integracija s Europom moglo bi biti učinkovito.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Drugo, decentralizirani energetski sustavi mogli bi pomoći u rješavanju energetskih problema Ukrajine. Na primjer, izgradnja <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">decentraliziranih izvora energije</a> učinila bi ukrajinsku energetsku infrastrukturu manje podložnom ruskim napadima. Lokalna općina su <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">postavila</a> male plinske turbine za napajanje kuća, bolnica i osnovnih usluga. Iako je ovo privremeno rješenje za Ukrajinu da se pripremi za nadolazeću zimu, Ukrajinci će morati surađivati s energetskim stručnjacima kako bi uspostavili dugoročno rješenje.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ukratko, Ukrajina se utrkuje s vremenom kako bi se pripremila za potencijalno mračnu zimu. Prioritiziranje otpornosti energetske infrastrukture Ukrajine je od suštinskog značaja. Ukrajinska vlada mora poduzeti mjere kako bi osigurala da energetske potrebe budu zadovoljene širom zemlje. To bi trebalo uključivati jačanje kritičnih energetskih objekata protiv cyber-napada i fizičkih prijetnji, kao i razvijanje planova za hitnu obnovu struje u slučaju prekida. Rješavanje ovih problema pomoći će Ukrajincima da se pripreme za nadolazeću brutalnu i mračnu zimu. Inače, Ukrajina bi mogla patiti.</span>\n<span class=\"para\"><strong>Mark Temnycky</strong> je <a href=\"https://wakelet.com/@MTemnycky\">acreditirani slobodni novinar</a> koji pokriva euroazijske poslove i <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">nerezidentni suradnik</a> u Atlantic Council Eurasia Center.</span>\n<span class=\"para\"><span> </span></span>",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"hu": {
            key:"value": string:"<span class=\"para\"><span>Miközben az oroszok folytatják teljes körű inváziójukat Ukrajna ellen, egy újabb válság van kialakulóban. Számos hírforrás szerint Ukrajna energia-infrastruktúrája nem biztos, hogy felkészült a közelgő télre.</span></span>\n<span class=\"para\"><span>Egy nemrégiben készült jelentésben a Royal United Services Institute agytröszt </span><a href=\"https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/bracing-hardest-winter-protecting-ukraines-energy-infrastructure\">megállapította</a><span>, hogy az ukránok “felkészülnek a [legnehezebb] télükre”. Eközben az Associated Press </span><a href=\"https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-energy-russia-airstrikes-greenpeace-1dfe7e60d4f9291f1196afda1a19373a\">közölte</a><span>, hogy Ukrajna “a fokozódó orosz támadások miatt a legnehezebb tél elé néz az energia-infrastruktúrára”.</span></span>\n<span class=\"para\">Számos ok van arra, hogy riasztást adjunk Ukrajna energia-infrastruktúrájának állapotáról. Ahogy Európa közeledik a közelgő télhez, Ukrajna energia szektora kockázatnak van kitéve. Amikor Oroszország teljes körű inváziója 2024 februárjában megkezdődött, az oroszok <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984l87l2w6o\">megszerezték és ellenőrizték</a> a <a href=\"https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/04/europes-largest-nuclear-plant-shuts-down-after-a-russian-attack\">Zaporizzsjai</a> Atomerőművet (ZNPP), amely Ukrajna egyik legnagyobb energiaellátója. Ezt követően az oroszok <a href=\"https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/one-year-on-russia-continues-ecological-warfare-in-ukraine\">tüzelték</a> a ZNPP-t. Ez aggodalmat keltett az Egyesült Nemzetek Szervezete, a Nemzetközi Atomenergia Ügynökség és a Nukleáris Energia Ügynökség körében.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Továbbá, az oroszok <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/europe/russia-ukraine-nuclear-zelensky-un-intl/index.html\">számos</a> hőerőművet megsemmisítettek Ukrajnában. Az oroszok célba vették Ukrajna vízenergia-kapacitását is. Végül Oroszország <a href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/0904/russia-attack-ukrainian-electric-grid\">több</a> támadást indított az ukrán elektromos hálózatok ellen.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ez a pusztítás jelentős hatással volt Ukrajna energia-infrastruktúrájára. Ha az ukránok nem tudják helyreállítani a sérült vagy megsemmisült energia létesítményeket a tél előtt, akkor nehéz helyzetbe kerülnek.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Az ukránok már korábban is megküzdöttek a hideg telekkel, még akkor is, amikor az oroszok beavatkoztak Kijev energia- és gázellátásába. De a folyamatos létesítmények bombázása miatt az ukránok nehezebb helyzetbe kerültek.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Az orosz teljes körű invázió óta Ukrajnának energiatakarékosságra kellett berendezkednie. Számos <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">jelentés érkezett áramkimaradások</a>ról az ország különböző régióiban a hő és az áram megtakarítása érdekében. Ez a tél brutálisabb lehet, és a lakosoknak meg kell takarítaniuk az energiájukat, mivel becslések szerint az áramkimaradások akár <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">napi 20 órát</a> is elérhetnek. Más szavakkal, Ukrajnának sürgősen biztosítania kell, hogy energia szektora felkészült legyen, hogy átvészelje a következő kemény telet.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ukrajna számára ezek az energia kockázatok nem újak. A 2022-es teljes körű invázió előtt az ukránok orosz támadásoknak voltak kitéve az energia szektorukban. Például 2015-ben az ukránok <a href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ir-alert-h-16-056-01\">áramkimaradásokat</a> tapasztaltak a tél közepén, 2015 decemberében. Hamarosan kiderült, hogy Oroszország kibertámadást indított Ukrajna energia-infrastruktúrája ellen. Ezrek maradtak átmenetileg áram nélkül. Aztán 2016-ban az oroszok <a href=\"https://jsis.washington.edu/news/cyberattack-critical-infrastructure-russia-ukrainian-power-grid-attacks/\">hasonló</a> kibertámadást indítottak, amikor beavatkoztak Kijev energiaellátásába. Azóta az orosz kibertámadások az ukrán energia-infrastruktúra ellen általánossá váltak.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ezek az események segítettek Ukrajnának megerősíteni energia-infrastruktúráját, és az ország javította kibervédelmét. De ezek a fejlesztések nem álltak ellen Oroszország légi bombázásainak. 2022 óta az ukránok keményen dolgoztak, hogy kezeljék az orosz rakétatámadások által okozott problémákat, különösen a téli hónapokban.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ukrajna korábban sikeresen átvészelte az előző két telet, de ezúttal más lesz. Eddig az orosz bombázások <a href=\"https://time.com/7008613/ukraine-russia-power-sector-frontline/#:~:text=Some%2060%25%20of%20Ukraine's%20power,reach%2020%20hours%20per%20day.\">60%-át</a> megsemmisítették Ukrajna áramtermelési kapacitásának. Továbbá, Ukrajna a legrosszabb gördülő áramkimaradásokkal néz szembe a 2022 februárjában kezdődött orosz teljes körű invázió óta.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Az ukránok sürgősen dolgoznak ezen aggályok kezelésén. Az egyik lehetőség az, hogy <a href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/11/russia-attacks-ukraine-energy-infrastructure-power-plants-electricity/\">újjáépítik</a> a sérült és megsemmisült energia létesítményeiket. Ugyanakkor mások <a href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/23/winter-and-the-bumpy-road-ahead-for-ukraine\">a nukleáris energia</a> lehetőségére fordultak, hogy stabilizálják az ország áramellátását ebben a kritikus időszakban.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">De ezekkel a megközelítésekkel számos kihívás is jár. Először is, Ukrajna nem rendelkezik elegendő légvédelmi rendszerrel és lőszerekkel, hogy <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/22/europe-struggles-to-strengthen-ukraine-s-air-defense-system_6669152_4.html\">megvédje magát</a> az orosz támadásoktól. Ez kitettséget jelent az infrastruktúrájának, és bonyolítja a helyreállítási erőfeszítéseket is. Továbbá, Ukrajna továbbra is orosz bombázásoknak van kitéve. Ha Ukrajna nem képes megvédeni energia-infrastruktúráját Moszkva jelenlegi és jövőbeli támadásaival szemben, akkor ezek a helyreállítási erőfeszítések értelmetlenek lennének. Végül is, ezt az infrastruktúrát csak újra megsemmisítenék egy orosz támadás során. A támadások fenyegetése ezekre a helyreállítási erőfeszítésekre szintén megnehezíti Ukrajna számára, hogy pénzt gyűjtsön befektetéseken keresztül.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ezeket a kihívásokat nem lehet figyelmen kívül hagyni. Azonban az ukránoknak lehetőségeik lehetnek arra, hogy növeljék energia-termelési kapacitásukat a tél előtt. Például Ukrajna törekedhet arra, hogy fokozza a nagyobb elektromos hálózati összekapcsoltságát. Amikor az orosz invázió Ukrajna ellen <a href=\"https://euobserver.com/news/ar8ec3bccc\">megkezdődött</a>, “az ukránok <a href=\"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/2-years-ukraine-and-moldova-synchronised-electricity-grids-eu-2024-03-15_en\">szinkronizálták</a> elektromos hálózataikat a Kontinentális Európai Hálózattal. Ez segített Ukrajnának ‘<a href=\"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/37851\">stabilizálni az elektromos rendszerét</a>’.” Ez szintén csökkentette Ukrajna energia szektorának orosz függőségét. Más lehetőségek keresése az orosz energiával való kapcsolatok megszüntetésére, miközben erősítik az integrációt Európával, hatékony lehet.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Másodszor, a decentralizált energia rendszerek segíthetnek Ukrajna energia problémáin. Például decentralizált energiaforrások <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">építése</a> csökkentené az ukrán energia-infrastruktúra orosz támadásokkal szembeni sebezhetőségét. Helyi önkormányzatok <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">telepítettek</a> kis gázturbinákat, hogy áramot biztosítsanak otthonoknak, kórházaknak és alapvető szolgáltatásoknak. Míg ez egy ideiglenes megoldás Ukrajna számára a közelgő télre való felkészüléshez, az ukránoknak együtt kell működniük energia szakértőkkel, hogy hosszú távú megoldást találjanak.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Röviden, Ukrajna az idővel versenyez, hogy felkészüljön egy potenciálisan zord télre. Az ukrán energia-infrastruktúra ellenállóságának prioritása elengedhetetlen. Az ukrán kormánynak lépéseket kell tennie annak érdekében, hogy az energiaigényeket az ország minden részén kielégítsék. Ennek magában kell foglalnia a kritikus energia létesítmények megerősítését a kibertámadások és fizikai fenyegetések ellen, valamint a gyors áram-visszaállítási terv kidolgozását zavarok esetén. E problémák kezelése segít az ukránoknak felkészülni a közelgő brutális és zord télre. Ellenkező esetben Ukrajna szenvedhet.</span>\n<span class=\"para\"><strong>Mark Temnycky</strong> egy <a href=\"https://wakelet.com/@MTemnycky\">akkreditált szabadúszó újságíró</a>, aki eurázsiai ügyekkel foglalkozik, és egy <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">nem rezidens munkatárs</a> az Atlantic Council Eurázsiai Központjában.</span>\n<span class=\"para\"><span> </span></span>",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"it": {
            key:"value": string:"<span class=\"para\"><span>Mentre i russi continuano la loro invasione su larga scala dell'Ucraina, un'altra crisi è in corso. Secondo diversi organi di informazione, l'infrastruttura energetica dell'Ucraina potrebbe non essere pronta per l'inverno imminente.</span></span>\n<span class=\"para\"><span>In un recente rapporto, il think tank Royal United Services Institute </span><a href=\"https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/bracing-hardest-winter-protecting-ukraines-energy-infrastructure\">ha dichiarato</a><span> che gli ucraini si stanno “preparando per [il loro] inverno più difficile”. Nel frattempo, l'Associated Press </span><a href=\"https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-energy-russia-airstrikes-greenpeace-1dfe7e60d4f9291f1196afda1a19373a\">ha detto</a><span> che l'Ucraina affronterà il suo “inverno più difficile a causa degli attacchi russi intensificati sull'infrastruttura energetica”.</span></span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ci sono diverse ragioni per lanciare l'allerta sullo stato dell'infrastruttura energetica dell'Ucraina. Mentre l'Europa si avvicina all'inverno imminente, il settore energetico dell'Ucraina si trova a rischio. Quando l'invasione su larga scala della Russia è iniziata a febbraio 2024, i russi <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984l87l2w6o\">hanno catturato e controllato</a> la <a href=\"https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/04/europes-largest-nuclear-plant-shuts-down-after-a-russian-attack\">centrale nucleare di Zaporizhzhia</a> (ZNPP), un grande fornitore di energia in Ucraina. Dopo questi eventi, i russi <a href=\"https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/one-year-on-russia-continues-ecological-warfare-in-ukraine\">hanno bombardato</a> la ZNPP. Questo ha allarmato le Nazioni Unite, l'Agenzia Internazionale per l'Energia Atomica e l'Agenzia per l'Energia Nucleare.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Inoltre, i russi hanno <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/europe/russia-ukraine-nuclear-zelensky-un-intl/index.html\">distrutto</a> numerose centrali termiche in tutta l'Ucraina. I russi hanno anche preso di mira la capacità idroelettrica dell'Ucraina. Infine, la Russia ha <a href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/0904/russia-attack-ukrainian-electric-grid\">lanciato</a> numerosi attacchi sulle reti elettriche ucraine.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Questa devastazione ha avuto un impatto significativo sull'infrastruttura energetica dell'Ucraina. Se gli ucraini non possono riparare le strutture energetiche danneggiate o distrutte prima dell'inverno, si troveranno in una situazione difficile.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Gli ucraini hanno affrontato inverni freddi anche quando i russi hanno manomesso le forniture di energia e gas di Kyiv. Ma con il costante bombardamento delle strutture nel paese, gli ucraini si sono trovati in una situazione più difficile.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Da quando è iniziata l'invasione su larga scala da parte della Russia, l'Ucraina ha dovuto conservare energia. Ci sono stati <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">rapporti di blackout</a> in varie regioni del paese per conservare calore ed elettricità. Questo inverno potrebbe essere più brutale, e i residenti dovranno conservare la loro energia poiché si stima che i blackout potrebbero arrivare fino a <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">20 ore al giorno</a>. In altre parole, la corsa è iniziata per l'Ucraina per garantire che il suo settore energetico sia pronto per affrontare un altro inverno rigido.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Per l'Ucraina, questi rischi energetici non sono una novità. Prima dell'invasione su larga scala nel 2022, gli ucraini erano stati soggetti ad attacchi russi sul loro settore energetico. Ad esempio, nel 2015, gli ucraini <a href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ir-alert-h-16-056-01\">hanno subito interruzioni di corrente</a> nel bel mezzo dell'inverno nel dicembre 2015. Si scoprì presto che la Russia aveva lanciato un attacco informatico sull'infrastruttura energetica dell'Ucraina. Migliaia di ucraini furono temporaneamente lasciati senza energia. Poi, nel 2016, i russi <a href=\"https://jsis.washington.edu/news/cyberattack-critical-infrastructure-russia-ukrainian-power-grid-attacks/\">hanno lanciato</a> un attacco informatico simile quando hanno manomesso le forniture energetiche di Kyiv. Da allora, gli attacchi informatici russi sull'infrastruttura energetica ucraina sono diventati comuni.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Questi eventi hanno aiutato l'Ucraina a rafforzare la sua infrastruttura energetica, e il paese ha migliorato le sue difese informatiche. Ma questi miglioramenti non hanno avuto alcuna possibilità contro i bombardamenti aerei russi. Dal 2022, gli ucraini hanno lavorato duramente per cercare di affrontare i problemi causati dagli attacchi missilistici russi, specialmente durante i mesi invernali.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">L'Ucraina ha avuto successo durante i due inverni precedenti, ma questa volta sarà diversa. Fino ad oggi, i bombardamenti russi hanno <a href=\"https://time.com/7008613/ukraine-russia-power-sector-frontline/#:~:text=Some%2060%25%20of%20Ukraine's%20power,reach%2020%20hours%20per%20day.\">distrutto</a> il 60% della capacità di generazione di energia dell'Ucraina. Inoltre, l'Ucraina sta subendo i suoi peggiori blackout rotativi dall'inizio dell'invasione su larga scala da parte della Russia nel febbraio 2022.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Gli ucraini stanno lavorando urgentemente per affrontare queste preoccupazioni. Un'opzione è <a href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/11/russia-attacks-ukraine-energy-infrastructure-power-plants-electricity/\">ricostruire</a> le loro strutture energetiche danneggiate e distrutte. Allo stesso tempo, altri hanno <a href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/23/winter-and-the-bumpy-road-ahead-for-ukraine\">rivolto</a> la loro attenzione all'opzione dell'energia nucleare per stabilizzare l'approvvigionamento energetico del paese durante questo periodo critico.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ma ci sono diverse sfide con questi approcci. Prima di tutto, l'Ucraina manca di sistemi e munizioni antiaeree sufficienti per <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/22/europe-struggles-to-strengthen-ukraine-s-air-defense-system_6669152_4.html\">difendersi</a> dagli attacchi russi. Questo lascia la sua infrastruttura esposta e complica anche gli sforzi di ricostruzione. Inoltre, l'Ucraina è ancora soggetta ai bombardamenti russi. Se l'Ucraina non è in grado di proteggere la sua infrastruttura energetica dagli attacchi attuali e futuri di Mosca, allora questi sforzi di ricostruzione sarebbero privi di significato. Dopotutto, questa infrastruttura verrebbe solo distrutta di nuovo in un attacco russo. La minaccia di attacchi su questi sforzi di ricostruzione rende anche difficile per l'Ucraina raccogliere fondi attraverso investimenti per questi sforzi di ricostruzione.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Queste sfide non possono essere ignorate. Tuttavia, gli ucraini potrebbero avere opzioni su come aumentare la loro capacità di generazione energetica prima dell'inverno. Ad esempio, l'Ucraina potrebbe cercare di migliorare la sua interconnessione della rete elettrica. Quando l'invasione russa dell'Ucraina <a href=\"https://euobserver.com/news/ar8ec3bccc\">è iniziata</a>, “gli ucraini <a href=\"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/2-years-ukraine-and-moldova-synchronised-electricity-grids-eu-2024-03-15_en\">hanno sincronizzato</a> le loro reti elettriche con la Rete Elettrica Europea Continentale. Questo ha aiutato l'Ucraina a ‘<a href=\"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/37851\">stabilizzare il suo sistema elettrico</a>’.” Ha anche reso il settore energetico dell'Ucraina meno dipendente dalla Russia. Perseguire altre strade per tagliare i legami con l'energia russa mentre si rafforza l'integrazione con l'Europa potrebbe essere efficace.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">In secondo luogo, i sistemi energetici decentralizzati potrebbero aiutare i problemi energetici dell'Ucraina. Ad esempio, costruire <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">fonti energetiche decentralizzate</a> renderebbe l'infrastruttura energetica ucraina meno suscettibile agli attacchi russi. I comuni locali hanno <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">distribuito</a> piccole turbine a gas per alimentare case, ospedali e servizi essenziali. Sebbene questa sia una soluzione temporanea per l'Ucraina per prepararsi all'inverno imminente, gli ucraini dovranno lavorare con esperti energetici per stabilire una soluzione a lungo termine.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">In breve, l'Ucraina sta correndo contro il tempo per prepararsi a un inverno potenzialmente cupo. Dare priorità alla resilienza dell'infrastruttura energetica dell'Ucraina è essenziale. Il governo ucraino deve adottare misure per garantire che le esigenze energetiche siano soddisfatte in tutto il paese. Questo dovrebbe includere il rafforzamento delle strutture energetiche critiche contro attacchi informatici e minacce fisiche, nonché lo sviluppo di piani di emergenza per un rapido ripristino dell'energia in caso di interruzioni. Affrontare queste questioni aiuterà gli ucraini a prepararsi per l'imminente inverno brutale e cupo. Altrimenti, l'Ucraina potrebbe soffrire.</span>\n<span class=\"para\"><strong>Mark Temnycky</strong> è un <a href=\"https://wakelet.com/@MTemnycky\">giornalista freelance accreditato</a> che copre gli affari eurasiatici e un <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">fellows non residente</a> presso l'Atlantic Council Eurasia Center.</span>\n<span class=\"para\"><span> </span></span>",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"nl": {
            key:"value": string:"<span class=\"para\"><span>Terwijl de Russen hun grootschalige invasie van Oekraïne voortzetten, is er een andere crisis aan de hand. Volgens verschillende nieuwsmedia is de energie-infrastructuur van Oekraïne mogelijk niet klaar voor de komende winter.</span></span>\n<span class=\"para\"><span>In een recent rapport heeft het denktank Royal United Services Institute </span><a href=\"https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/bracing-hardest-winter-protecting-ukraines-energy-infrastructure\">verklaard</a><span> dat de Oekraïners zich “voorbereiden op [hun] moeilijkste winter”. Ondertussen heeft de Associated Press </span><a href=\"https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-energy-russia-airstrikes-greenpeace-1dfe7e60d4f9291f1196afda1a19373a\">gezegd</a><span> dat Oekraïne zijn “moeilijkste winter zal ondergaan door de verscherpte Russische aanvallen op de energie-infrastructuur”.</span></span>\n<span class=\"para\">Er zijn verschillende redenen om alarm te slaan over de staat van de energie-infrastructuur van Oekraïne. Terwijl Europa de komende winter nadert, bevindt de energiesector van Oekraïne zich in gevaar. Toen de grootschalige invasie van Rusland in februari 2024 begon, <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984l87l2w6o\">vingen en controleerden</a> de Russen de <a href=\"https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/04/europes-largest-nuclear-plant-shuts-down-after-a-russian-attack\">Zaporizhzhia</a> Kerncentrale (ZNPP), een grote energieprovider in Oekraïne. Na deze gebeurtenissen <a href=\"https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/one-year-on-russia-continues-ecological-warfare-in-ukraine\">bombardeerden</a> de Russen de ZNPP. Dit alarmeerde de Verenigde Naties, het Internationaal Atoomenergieagentschap en het Agentschap voor Kernenergie.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Bovendien hebben de Russen <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/europe/russia-ukraine-nuclear-zelensky-un-intl/index.html\">talrijke thermische energiecentrales</a> in Oekraïne vernietigd. De Russen hebben ook de hydro-elektrische capaciteit van Oekraïne als doelwit genomen. Ten slotte heeft Rusland <a href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/0904/russia-attack-ukrainian-electric-grid\">talrijke aanvallen</a> op Oekraïense elektriciteitsnetten gelanceerd.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Deze verwoesting heeft een aanzienlijke tol geëist van de energie-infrastructuur van Oekraïne. Als de Oekraïners de beschadigde of vernietigde energievoorzieningen niet voor de winter kunnen repareren, dan zullen ze in een uitdagende situatie verkeren.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">De Oekraïners hebben te maken gehad met koude winters, zelfs wanneer de Russen hebben geknoeid met de energie- en gasvoorzieningen van Kyiv. Maar met de constante beschietingen van faciliteiten in het land, bevinden de Oekraïners zich in een moeilijkere situatie.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Sinds de grootschalige Russische invasie heeft Oekraïne energie moeten besparen. Er zijn <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">rapporten van stroomuitval</a> in verschillende regio's van het land om warmte en elektriciteit te besparen. Deze winter kan wreder zijn, en bewoners zullen hun energie moeten besparen, aangezien wordt geschat dat stroomuitval kan oplopen tot <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">20 uur per dag</a>. Met andere woorden, de race is aan voor Oekraïne om ervoor te zorgen dat de energiesector voorbereid is om een andere zware winter door te komen.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Voor Oekraïne zijn deze energierisico's niets nieuws. Voorafgaand aan de grootschalige invasie in 2022 werden de Oekraïners onderworpen aan Russische aanvallen op hun energiesector. Bijvoorbeeld, in 2015 <a href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ir-alert-h-16-056-01\">ervaren</a> de Oekraïners stroomuitval in de dode winter in december 2015. Het werd al snel ontdekt dat Rusland een cyberaanval had gelanceerd op de energie-infrastructuur van Oekraïne. Duizenden Oekraïners werden tijdelijk zonder stroom gelaten. Toen, in 2016, <a href=\"https://jsis.washington.edu/news/cyberattack-critical-infrastructure-russia-ukrainian-power-grid-attacks/\">lanceerden</a> de Russen een soortgelijke cyberaanval toen ze met de energievoorzieningen van Kyiv knoeiden. Sindsdien zijn Russische cyberaanvallen op de Oekraïense energie-infrastructuur gebruikelijk geworden.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Deze gebeurtenissen hebben Oekraïne geholpen zijn energie-infrastructuur te versterken, en het land heeft zijn cyberverdedigingen verbeterd. Maar deze verbeteringen hadden geen kans tegen de luchtbombardementen van Rusland. Sinds 2022 hebben de Oekraïners hard gewerkt om de problemen veroorzaakt door Russische raketaanvallen aan te pakken, vooral tijdens de wintermaanden.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Oekraïne slaagde er eerder in de afgelopen twee winters in, maar deze keer zal het anders zijn. Tot nu toe hebben Russische bombardementen <a href=\"https://time.com/7008613/ukraine-russia-power-sector-frontline/#:~:text=Some%2060%25%20of%20Ukraine's%20power,reach%2020%20hours%20per%20day.\">60 procent</a> van de elektriciteitsopwekkingscapaciteit van Oekraïne vernietigd. Bovendien ondergaat Oekraïne zijn ergste rollende stroomuitval sinds het begin van de grootschalige Russische invasie in februari 2022.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Oekraïners werken dringend om deze zorgen aan te pakken. Een optie is om hun beschadigde en vernietigde energievoorzieningen te <a href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/11/russia-attacks-ukraine-energy-infrastructure-power-plants-electricity/\">herbouwen</a>. Tegelijkertijd hebben anderen <a href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/23/winter-and-the-bumpy-road-ahead-for-ukraine\">gekozen</a> voor de optie van nucleaire energie om de elektriciteitsvoorziening van het land tijdens deze kritieke periode te stabiliseren.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Maar er zijn verschillende uitdagingen met deze benaderingen. Ten eerste mist Oekraïne voldoende luchtafweersystemen en munitie om zich <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/22/europe-struggles-to-strengthen-ukraine-s-air-defense-system_6669152_4.html\">te verdedigen</a> tegen Russische aanvallen. Dit laat de infrastructuur blootgesteld en bemoeilijkt ook de herbouwinspanningen. Bovendien wordt Oekraïne nog steeds onderworpen aan Russische bombardementen. Als Oekraïne zijn energie-infrastructuur niet kan beschermen tegen de huidige en toekomstige aanvallen van Moskou, dan zouden deze herbouwinspanningen zinloos zijn. Immers, deze infrastructuur zou opnieuw worden vernietigd in een Russische aanval. De dreiging van aanvallen op deze herbouwinspanningen maakt het ook moeilijk voor Oekraïne om geld te werven via investeringen voor deze herbouwinspanningen.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Deze uitdagingen kunnen niet worden genegeerd. Echter, de Oekraïners hebben mogelijk opties om hun energieopwekkingscapaciteit voor de winter te vergroten. Bijvoorbeeld, Oekraïne zou kunnen proberen zijn grotere elektriciteitsnetinterconnectiviteit te verbeteren. Toen de Russische invasie van Oekraïne <a href=\"https://euobserver.com/news/ar8ec3bccc\">begon</a>, “synchroniseerden de Oekraïners <a href=\"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/2-years-ukraine-and-moldova-synchronised-electricity-grids-eu-2024-03-15_en\">hun elektriciteitsnetten</a> met het Continentaal Europees Netwerk. Dit heeft Oekraïne geholpen om zijn ‘<a href=\"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/37851\">elektriciteitssysteem te stabiliseren</a>’.” Het heeft ook de energiesector van Oekraïne minder afhankelijk gemaakt van Rusland. Het nastreven van andere wegen om de banden met Russische energie te verbreken terwijl de integratie met Europa wordt versterkt, zou effectief kunnen zijn.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Tweede, gedecentraliseerde energiesystemen kunnen helpen bij de energieproblemen van Oekraïne. Bijvoorbeeld, het bouwen van <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">gedecentraliseerde energiebronnen</a> zou de Oekraïense energie-infrastructuur minder kwetsbaar maken voor Russische aanvallen. Lokale gemeenten hebben <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">kleine gasturbines ingezet</a> om huizen, ziekenhuizen en essentiële diensten van stroom te voorzien. Hoewel dit een tijdelijke oplossing is voor Oekraïne om zich voor te bereiden op de komende winter, zullen de Oekraïners moeten samenwerken met energie-experts om een langdurige oplossing te vinden.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Kortom, Oekraïne racet tegen de klok om zich voor te bereiden op een mogelijk sombere winter. Het prioriteren van de veerkracht van de energie-infrastructuur van Oekraïne is essentieel. De Oekraïense regering moet maatregelen nemen om ervoor te zorgen dat aan de energiebehoeften in het hele land wordt voldaan. Dit zou moeten omvatten het versterken van kritieke energievoorzieningen tegen cyberaanvallen en fysieke bedreigingen, evenals het ontwikkelen van noodplannen voor snelle herstel van de stroom in het geval van verstoringen. Het aanpakken van deze problemen zal de Oekraïners helpen zich voor te bereiden op de komende brute en sombere winter. Anders kan Oekraïne lijden.</span>\n<span class=\"para\"><strong>Mark Temnycky</strong> is een <a href=\"https://wakelet.com/@MTemnycky\">geaccrediteerde freelance journalist</a> die verslag doet van Euraziatische aangelegenheden en een <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">niet-resident fellow</a> bij het Atlantic Council Eurasia Center.</span>\n<span class=\"para\"><span> </span></span>",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"pl": {
            key:"value": string:"<span class=\"para\"><span>W miarę jak Rosjanie kontynuują swoją pełnoskalową inwazję na Ukrainę, pojawia się kolejny kryzys. Według kilku agencji informacyjnych, ukraińska infrastruktura energetyczna może nie być gotowa na nadchodzącą zimę.</span></span>\n<span class=\"para\"><span>W niedawnym raporcie think tanku Royal United Services Institute </span><a href=\"https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/bracing-hardest-winter-protecting-ukraines-energy-infrastructure\">stwierdzono</a><span>, że Ukraińcy „przygotowują się na [swoją] najtrudniejszą zimę”. Tymczasem Associated Press </span><a href=\"https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-energy-russia-airstrikes-greenpeace-1dfe7e60d4f9291f1196afda1a19373a\">powiedziało</a><span>, że Ukraina będzie musiała zmierzyć się z „najtrudniejszą zimą z powodu zaostrzonych rosyjskich ataków na infrastrukturę energetyczną”.</span></span>\n<span class=\"para\">Istnieje kilka powodów, aby podnieść alarm w sprawie stanu ukraińskiej infrastruktury energetycznej. W miarę jak Europa zbliża się do nadchodzącej zimy, sektor energetyczny Ukrainy znajduje się w niebezpieczeństwie. Gdy pełnoskalowa inwazja Rosji rozpoczęła się w lutym 2024 roku, Rosjanie <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984l87l2w6o\">zdobyli i kontrolowali</a> <a href=\"https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/04/europes-largest-nuclear-plant-shuts-down-after-a-russian-attack\">Zaporoską</a> Elektrownię Jądrową (ZNPP), dużego dostawcę energii na Ukrainie. Po tych wydarzeniach Rosjanie <a href=\"https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/one-year-on-russia-continues-ecological-warfare-in-ukraine\">ostrzelali</a> ZNPP. To zaniepokoiło Organizację Narodów Zjednoczonych, Międzynarodową Agencję Energii Atomowej oraz Agencję Energii Nuklearnej.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Co więcej, Rosjanie <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/europe/russia-ukraine-nuclear-zelensky-un-intl/index.html\">zniszczyli</a> liczne elektrownie cieplne w całej Ukrainie. Rosjanie również zaatakowali ukraińskie zdolności hydroelektryczne. Wreszcie, Rosja <a href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/0904/russia-attack-ukrainian-electric-grid\">przeprowadziła</a> liczne ataki na ukraińskie sieci energetyczne.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ta dewastacja miała znaczący wpływ na ukraińską infrastrukturę energetyczną. Jeśli Ukraińcy nie będą w stanie naprawić uszkodzonych lub zniszczonych obiektów energetycznych przed zimą, znajdą się w trudnej sytuacji.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ukraińcy radzili sobie z zimnymi zimami, nawet gdy Rosjanie manipulowali dostawami energii i gazu do Kijowa. Jednak w obliczu ciągłego ostrzału obiektów w kraju, Ukraińcy znaleźli się w trudniejszej sytuacji.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Od czasu pełnoskalowej inwazji Rosji, Ukraina musiała oszczędzać energię. Pojawiły się <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">doniesienia o przerwach w dostawie prądu</a> w różnych regionach kraju w celu oszczędzania ciepła i energii elektrycznej. Ta zima może być bardziej brutalna, a mieszkańcy będą musieli oszczędzać energię, ponieważ szacuje się, że przerwy w dostawie prądu mogą sięgać nawet <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">20 godzin dziennie</a>. Innymi słowy, wyścig trwa, aby Ukraina zapewniła, że jej sektor energetyczny jest przygotowany na przetrwanie kolejnej surowej zimy.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Dla Ukrainy te ryzyka energetyczne nie są niczym nowym. Przed pełnoskalową inwazją w 2022 roku, Ukraińcy byli narażeni na rosyjskie ataki na swój sektor energetyczny. Na przykład w 2015 roku Ukraińcy <a href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ir-alert-h-16-056-01\">doświadczyli przerw w dostawie prądu</a> w środku zimy w grudniu 2015 roku. Wkrótce odkryto, że Rosja przeprowadziła cyberatak na ukraińską infrastrukturę energetyczną. Tysiące Ukraińców zostało tymczasowo pozbawionych prądu. Następnie, w 2016 roku, Rosjanie <a href=\"https://jsis.washington.edu/news/cyberattack-critical-infrastructure-russia-ukrainian-power-grid-attacks/\">przeprowadzili</a> podobny cyberatak, gdy manipulowali dostawami energii do Kijowa. Od tego czasu rosyjskie cyberataki na ukraińską infrastrukturę energetyczną stały się powszechne.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Te wydarzenia pomogły Ukrainie wzmocnić swoją infrastrukturę energetyczną, a kraj poprawił swoje cyberobrony. Jednak te ulepszenia nie miały szans w obliczu rosyjskich bombardowań powietrznych. Od 2022 roku Ukraińcy ciężko pracowali, aby spróbować rozwiązać problemy spowodowane rosyjskimi atakami rakietowymi, szczególnie w miesiącach zimowych.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ukraina wcześniej odnosiła sukcesy w poprzednich dwóch zimach, ale tym razem będzie inaczej. Do tej pory rosyjskie bombardowania <a href=\"https://time.com/7008613/ukraine-russia-power-sector-frontline/#:~:text=Some%2060%25%20of%20Ukraine's%20power,reach%2020%20hours%20per%20day.\">zniszczyły</a> 60 procent zdolności wytwarzania energii na Ukrainie. Co więcej, Ukraina doświadcza najgorszych przerw w dostawie prądu od początku pełnoskalowej inwazji Rosji w lutym 2022 roku.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ukraińcy pilnie pracują nad rozwiązaniem tych problemów. Jedną z opcji jest <a href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/11/russia-attacks-ukraine-energy-infrastructure-power-plants-electricity/\">odbudowa</a> uszkodzonych i zniszczonych obiektów energetycznych. W tym samym czasie inni <a href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/23/winter-and-the-bumpy-road-ahead-for-ukraine\">zwrócili się</a> ku opcji energii jądrowej, aby ustabilizować dostawy energii w kraju w tym krytycznym okresie.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Jednak te podejścia napotykają kilka wyzwań. Po pierwsze, Ukraina nie ma wystarczających systemów obrony przeciwlotniczej i amunicji, aby <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/22/europe-struggles-to-strengthen-ukraine-s-air-defense-system_6669152_4.html\">bronić się</a> przed rosyjskimi atakami. To naraża jej infrastrukturę na niebezpieczeństwo i komplikuje wysiłki odbudowy. Co więcej, Ukraina nadal jest narażona na rosyjskie bombardowania. Jeśli Ukraina nie będzie w stanie chronić swojej infrastruktury energetycznej przed obecnymi i przyszłymi atakami Moskwy, to te wysiłki odbudowy będą bezsensowne. W końcu ta infrastruktura zostanie zniszczona ponownie w wyniku rosyjskiego ataku. Zagrożenie atakami na te wysiłki odbudowy również utrudnia Ukrainie pozyskiwanie funduszy na te wysiłki odbudowy.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Te wyzwania nie mogą być ignorowane. Jednak Ukraińcy mogą mieć opcje, jak zwiększyć swoją zdolność wytwarzania energii przed zimą. Na przykład Ukraina mogłaby dążyć do zwiększenia większej interkoneksji swojej sieci energetycznej. Gdy rosyjska inwazja na Ukrainę <a href=\"https://euobserver.com/news/ar8ec3bccc\">rozpoczęła się</a>, „Ukraińcy <a href=\"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/2-years-ukraine-and-moldova-synchronised-electricity-grids-eu-2024-03-15_en\">zsynchronizowali</a> swoje sieci elektryczne z Kontynentalną Siecią Europejską. To pomogło Ukrainie ‘<a href=\"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/37851\">ustabilizować swój system elektryczny</a>’.” Uczyniło to również sektor energetyczny Ukrainy mniej zależnym od Rosji. Dążenie do innych dróg, aby zerwać więzi z rosyjską energią, jednocześnie wzmacniając integrację z Europą, może być skuteczne.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Po drugie, zdecentralizowane systemy energetyczne mogą pomóc w rozwiązaniu problemów energetycznych Ukrainy. Na przykład budowa <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">zdecentralizowanych źródeł energii</a> uczyniłaby ukraińską infrastrukturę energetyczną mniej podatną na rosyjskie ataki. Lokalne gminy <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">wdrożyły</a> małe turbiny gazowe do zasilania domów, szpitali i usług niezbędnych. Chociaż jest to tymczasowe rozwiązanie, aby Ukraina mogła przygotować się na nadchodzącą zimę, Ukraińcy będą musieli współpracować z ekspertami ds. energii, aby opracować długoterminowe rozwiązanie.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Krótko mówiąc, Ukraina ściga czas, aby przygotować się na potencjalnie ponurą zimę. Priorytetowe traktowanie odporności ukraińskiej infrastruktury energetycznej jest niezbędne. Rząd ukraiński musi podjąć działania, aby zapewnić, że zapotrzebowanie na energię jest zaspokajane w całym kraju. Powinno to obejmować wzmocnienie krytycznych obiektów energetycznych przed cyberatakami i zagrożeniami fizycznymi, a także opracowanie planów awaryjnych na szybkie przywrócenie energii w przypadku zakłóceń. Zajęcie się tymi kwestiami pomoże Ukraińcom przygotować się na nadchodzącą brutalną i ponurą zimę. W przeciwnym razie Ukraina może ucierpieć.</span>\n<span class=\"para\"><strong>Mark Temnycky</strong> jest <a href=\"https://wakelet.com/@MTemnycky\">akredytowanym dziennikarzem freelancerem</a> zajmującym się sprawami eurazjatyckimi oraz <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">niedresidentem</a> w Atlantic Council Eurasia Center.</span>\n<span class=\"para\"><span> </span></span>",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"pt": {
            key:"value": string:"<span class=\"para\"><span>À medida que os russos continuam sua invasão em larga escala da Ucrânia, outra crise está em andamento. De acordo com vários meios de comunicação, a infraestrutura energética da Ucrânia pode não estar pronta para o próximo inverno.</span></span>\n<span class=\"para\"><span>Em um relatório recente, o think tank Royal United Services Institute </span><a href=\"https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/bracing-hardest-winter-protecting-ukraines-energy-infrastructure\">afirmou</a><span> que os ucranianos estão “se preparando para [seu] inverno mais difícil”. Enquanto isso, a Associated Press </span><a href=\"https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-energy-russia-airstrikes-greenpeace-1dfe7e60d4f9291f1196afda1a19373a\">disse</a><span> que a Ucrânia enfrentará seu “inverno mais difícil devido aos ataques russos intensificados à infraestrutura energética”.</span></span>\n<span class=\"para\">Há várias razões para soar o alarme sobre o estado da infraestrutura energética da Ucrânia. À medida que a Europa se aproxima do próximo inverno, o setor energético da Ucrânia se encontra em risco. Quando a invasão em larga escala da Rússia começou em fevereiro de 2024, os russos <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984l87l2w6o\">capturaram e controlaram</a> a <a href=\"https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/04/europes-largest-nuclear-plant-shuts-down-after-a-russian-attack\">Usina Nuclear de Zaporizhzhia</a> (ZNPP), um grande fornecedor de energia na Ucrânia. Após esses eventos, os russos <a href=\"https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/one-year-on-russia-continues-ecological-warfare-in-ukraine\">bombardearam</a> a ZNPP. Isso alarmou as Nações Unidas, a Agência Internacional de Energia Atômica e a Agência de Energia Nuclear.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Além disso, os russos <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/europe/russia-ukraine-nuclear-zelensky-un-intl/index.html\">destruíram</a> numerosas usinas termelétricas em toda a Ucrânia. Os russos também miraram na capacidade hidrelétrica da Ucrânia. Finalmente, a Rússia <a href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/0904/russia-attack-ukrainian-electric-grid\">lançou</a> numerosos ataques às redes elétricas ucranianas.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Essa devastação teve um impacto significativo na infraestrutura energética da Ucrânia. Se os ucranianos não conseguirem reparar as instalações de energia danificadas ou destruídas antes do inverno, estarão em uma situação desafiadora.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Os ucranianos enfrentaram invernos frios mesmo quando os russos interferiram nos suprimentos de energia e gás de Kyiv. Mas com o bombardeio constante de instalações no país, os ucranianos se encontraram em uma situação mais difícil.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Desde a invasão em larga escala da Rússia, a Ucrânia teve que conservar energia. Houve <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">relatos de apagões</a> em várias regiões do país para conservar calor e eletricidade. Este inverno pode ser mais brutal, e os residentes precisarão conservar sua energia, pois estima-se que os apagões possam chegar a <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">20 horas por dia</a>. Em outras palavras, a corrida está em andamento para a Ucrânia garantir que seu setor energético esteja preparado para enfrentar mais um inverno rigoroso.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Para a Ucrânia, esses riscos energéticos não são novidade. Antes da invasão em larga escala em 2022, os ucranianos foram submetidos a ataques russos em seu setor energético. Por exemplo, em 2015, os ucranianos <a href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ir-alert-h-16-056-01\">experimentaram cortes de energia</a> no meio do inverno em dezembro de 2015. Logo se descobriu que a Rússia havia lançado um ciberataque na infraestrutura energética da Ucrânia. Milhares de ucranianos ficaram temporariamente sem energia. Então, em 2016, os russos <a href=\"https://jsis.washington.edu/news/cyberattack-critical-infrastructure-russia-ukrainian-power-grid-attacks/\">lançaram</a> um ciberataque semelhante quando interferiram nos suprimentos de energia de Kyiv. Desde então, os ciberataques russos à infraestrutura energética ucraniana se tornaram comuns.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Esses eventos ajudaram a Ucrânia a fortalecer sua infraestrutura energética, e o país aprimorou suas defesas cibernéticas. Mas essas melhorias não tiveram chance contra os bombardeios aéreos da Rússia. Desde 2022, os ucranianos trabalharam arduamente para tentar resolver os problemas causados pelos ataques de mísseis russos, especialmente durante os meses de inverno.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">A Ucrânia teve sucesso nos dois invernos anteriores, mas desta vez será diferente. Até agora, os bombardeios russos <a href=\"https://time.com/7008613/ukraine-russia-power-sector-frontline/#:~:text=Some%2060%25%20of%20Ukraine's%20power,reach%2020%20hours%20per%20day.\">destruíram</a> 60 por cento da capacidade de geração de energia da Ucrânia. Além disso, a Ucrânia está enfrentando seus piores apagões rotativos desde o início da invasão em larga escala da Rússia em fevereiro de 2022.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Os ucranianos estão trabalhando urgentemente para abordar essas preocupações. Uma opção é <a href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/11/russia-attacks-ukraine-energy-infrastructure-power-plants-electricity/\">reconstruir</a> suas instalações de energia danificadas e destruídas. Ao mesmo tempo, outros <a href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/23/winter-and-the-bumpy-road-ahead-for-ukraine\">se voltaram</a> para a opção de energia nuclear para estabilizar o suprimento de energia do país durante este período crítico.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Mas há vários desafios com essas abordagens. Primeiro, a Ucrânia carece de sistemas e munições antiaéreos suficientes para <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/22/europe-struggles-to-strengthen-ukraine-s-air-defense-system_6669152_4.html\">se defender</a> contra os ataques russos. Isso deixa sua infraestrutura exposta e também complica os esforços de reconstrução. Além disso, a Ucrânia ainda está sujeita a bombardeios russos. Se a Ucrânia não conseguir proteger sua infraestrutura energética dos ataques atuais e futuros de Moscou, esses esforços de reconstrução seriam inúteis. Afinal, essa infraestrutura seria destruída novamente em um ataque russo. A ameaça de ataques a esses esforços de reconstrução também dificulta a Ucrânia de arrecadar dinheiro por meio de investimentos para esses esforços de reconstrução.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Esses desafios não podem ser ignorados. No entanto, os ucranianos podem ter opções sobre como aumentar sua capacidade de geração de energia antes do inverno. Por exemplo, a Ucrânia poderia buscar melhorar sua maior interconectividade da rede elétrica. Quando a invasão russa da Ucrânia <a href=\"https://euobserver.com/news/ar8ec3bccc\">começou</a>, “os ucranianos <a href=\"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/2-years-ukraine-and-moldova-synchronised-electricity-grids-eu-2024-03-15_en\">sincronizaram</a> suas redes elétricas com a Rede Europeia Continental. Isso ajudou a Ucrânia a ‘<a href=\"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/37851\">estabilizar seu sistema elétrico</a>’.” Também tornou o setor energético da Ucrânia menos dependente da Rússia. Buscar outras vias para cortar laços com a energia russa enquanto fortalece a integração com a Europa pode ser eficaz.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Em segundo lugar, sistemas de energia descentralizados podem ajudar com os problemas energéticos da Ucrânia. Por exemplo, a construção de <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">fontes de energia descentralizadas</a> tornaria a infraestrutura energética ucraniana menos suscetível a ataques russos. Municípios locais <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">implantaram</a> pequenas turbinas a gás para abastecer casas, hospitais e serviços essenciais. Embora esta seja uma solução temporária para a Ucrânia se preparar para o próximo inverno, os ucranianos precisarão trabalhar com especialistas em energia para estabelecer uma solução de longo prazo.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Em resumo, a Ucrânia está correndo contra o tempo para se preparar para um inverno potencialmente sombrio. Priorizar a resiliência da infraestrutura energética da Ucrânia é essencial. O governo ucraniano deve tomar medidas para garantir que as demandas de energia sejam atendidas em todo o país. Isso deve incluir o fortalecimento de instalações energéticas críticas contra ciberataques e ameaças físicas, bem como o desenvolvimento de planos de contingência para rápida restauração de energia em caso de interrupções. Abordar essas questões ajudará os ucranianos a se prepararem para o próximo inverno brutal e sombrio. Caso contrário, a Ucrânia pode sofrer.</span>\n<span class=\"para\"><strong>Mark Temnycky</strong> é um <a href=\"https://wakelet.com/@MTemnycky\">jornalista freelancer credenciado</a> cobrindo assuntos da Eurásia e um <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">bolsista não residente</a> no Centro Eurásia do Atlantic Council.</span>\n<span class=\"para\"><span> </span></span>",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"ro": {
            key:"value": string:"<span class=\"para\"><span>Pe măsură ce rușii continuă invazia lor pe scară largă a Ucrainei, o altă criză se profilează. Conform mai multor surse de știri, infrastructura energetică a Ucrainei s-ar putea să nu fie pregătită pentru iarna care urmează.</span></span>\n<span class=\"para\"><span>Într-un raport recent, think tank-ul Royal United Services Institute </span><a href=\"https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/bracing-hardest-winter-protecting-ukraines-energy-infrastructure\">a declarat</a><span> că ucrainenii se pregătesc pentru „[cea mai] grea iarnă”. Între timp, Associated Press </span><a href=\"https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-energy-russia-airstrikes-greenpeace-1dfe7e60d4f9291f1196afda1a19373a\">a spus</a><span> că Ucraina se va confrunta cu „cea mai grea iarnă din cauza atacurilor rusești intensificate asupra infrastructurii energetice”.</span></span>\n<span class=\"para\">Există mai multe motive pentru a trasa un semnal de alarmă cu privire la starea infrastructurii energetice a Ucrainei. Pe măsură ce Europa se apropie de iarna care vine, sectorul energetic al Ucrainei se află în pericol. Când invazia pe scară largă a Rusiei a început în februarie 2024, rușii <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984l87l2w6o\">au capturat și controlat</a> <a href=\"https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/04/europes-largest-nuclear-plant-shuts-down-after-a-russian-attack\">Centrala Nucleară Zaporizhzhia</a> (ZNPP), un mare furnizor de energie din Ucraina. După aceste evenimente, rușii <a href=\"https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/one-year-on-russia-continues-ecological-warfare-in-ukraine\">au bombardat</a> ZNPP. Acest lucru a alarmat Națiunile Unite, Agenția Internațională pentru Energie Atomică și Agenția pentru Energie Nucleară.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">În plus, rușii au <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/europe/russia-ukraine-nuclear-zelensky-un-intl/index.html\">distrus</a> numeroase centrale electrice termice din întreaga Ucraina. Rușii au vizat, de asemenea, capacitatea hidroenergetică a Ucrainei. În cele din urmă, Rusia a <a href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/0904/russia-attack-ukrainian-electric-grid\">lansat</a> numeroase atacuri asupra rețelelor electrice ucrainene.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Această devastare a avut un impact semnificativ asupra infrastructurii energetice a Ucrainei. Dacă ucrainenii nu pot repara facilitățile energetice avariate sau distruse înainte de iarnă, atunci se vor afla într-o situație dificilă.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ucrainenii s-au confruntat cu ierni reci chiar și atunci când rușii au intervenit în aprovizionarea cu energie și gaz a Kievului. Dar, cu bombardamentele constante asupra facilităților din țară, ucrainenii s-au aflat într-o situație mai dificilă.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">De la invazia pe scară largă a Rusiei, Ucraina a fost nevoită să conserve energia. Au existat <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">rapoarte de întreruperi de curent</a> în diverse regiuni din întreaga țară pentru a conserva căldura și electricitatea. Această iarnă ar putea fi mai brutală, iar locuitorii vor trebui să conserve energia, deoarece se estimează că întreruperile de curent ar putea ajunge până la <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">20 de ore pe zi</a>. În alte cuvinte, cursa a început pentru Ucraina pentru a se asigura că sectorul său energetic este pregătit să facă față unei alte ierni dure.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Pentru Ucraina, aceste riscuri energetice nu sunt nimic nou. Înainte de invazia pe scară largă din 2022, ucrainenii au fost supuși atacurilor rusești asupra sectorului lor energetic. De exemplu, în 2015, ucrainenii <a href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ir-alert-h-16-056-01\">au experimentat întreruperi de curent</a> în miezul iernii, în decembrie 2015. A fost descoperit rapid că Rusia a lansat un atac cibernetic asupra infrastructurii energetice a Ucrainei. Mii de ucraineni au fost lăsați temporar fără energie electrică. Apoi, în 2016, rușii <a href=\"https://jsis.washington.edu/news/cyberattack-critical-infrastructure-russia-ukrainian-power-grid-attacks/\">au lansat</a> un atac cibernetic similar când au intervenit în aprovizionarea cu energie a Kievului. De atunci, atacurile cibernetice rusești asupra infrastructurii energetice ucrainene au devenit comune.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Aceste evenimente au ajutat Ucraina să își întărească infrastructura energetică, iar țara a îmbunătățit apărarea sa cibernetică. Dar aceste îmbunătățiri nu au avut nicio șansă împotriva bombardamentelor aeriene rusești. Din 2022, ucrainenii au muncit din greu pentru a încerca să abordeze problemele cauzate de atacurile cu rachete rusești, în special în timpul lunilor de iarnă.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ucraina a reușit anterior în ultimele două ierni, dar de data aceasta va fi diferit. Până în prezent, bombardamentele rusești au <a href=\"https://time.com/7008613/ukraine-russia-power-sector-frontline/#:~:text=Some%2060%25%20of%20Ukraine's%20power,reach%2020%20hours%20per%20day.\">distrus</a> 60% din capacitatea de generare a energiei electrice a Ucrainei. În plus, Ucraina suportă cele mai grave întreruperi de curent din începutul invaziei pe scară largă a Rusiei în februarie 2022.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ucrainenii lucrează urgent pentru a aborda aceste preocupări. O opțiune este să <a href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/11/russia-attacks-ukraine-energy-infrastructure-power-plants-electricity/\">reconstruiască</a> facilitățile energetice avariate și distruse. În același timp, alții au <a href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/23/winter-and-the-bumpy-road-ahead-for-ukraine\">aplecat</a> spre opțiunea energiei nucleare pentru a stabiliza aprovizionarea cu energie a țării în această perioadă critică.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Dar există mai multe provocări cu aceste abordări. În primul rând, Ucraina nu dispune de suficiente sisteme de apărare antiaeriană și muniție pentru a <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/22/europe-struggles-to-strengthen-ukraine-s-air-defense-system_6669152_4.html\">se apăra</a> împotriva atacurilor rusești. Acest lucru lasă infrastructura sa expusă și complică, de asemenea, eforturile de reconstrucție. În plus, Ucraina este încă supusă bombardamentelor rusești. Dacă Ucraina nu este capabilă să își protejeze infrastructura energetică de atacurile actuale și viitoare ale Moscovei, atunci aceste eforturi de reconstrucție ar fi lipsite de sens. La urma urmei, această infrastructură ar fi distrusă din nou într-un atac rusesc. Amenințarea atacurilor asupra acestor eforturi de reconstrucție face, de asemenea, dificil pentru Ucraina să strângă fonduri prin investiții pentru aceste eforturi de reconstrucție.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Aceste provocări nu pot fi ignorate. Cu toate acestea, ucrainenii ar putea avea opțiuni pentru a-și spori capacitatea de generare a energiei înainte de iarnă. De exemplu, Ucraina ar putea căuta să îmbunătățească interconectivitatea rețelei electrice. Când invazia rusă a Ucrainei <a href=\"https://euobserver.com/news/ar8ec3bccc\">a început</a>, „ucrainenii <a href=\"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/2-years-ukraine-and-moldova-synchronised-electricity-grids-eu-2024-03-15_en\">s-au sincronizat</a> rețelele electrice cu Rețeaua Europeană Continentală. Acest lucru a ajutat Ucraina să ‘<a href=\"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/37851\">stabilizeze sistemul său electric</a>’.” De asemenea, a făcut ca sectorul energetic al Ucrainei să fie mai puțin dependent de Rusia. Urmărirea altor căi pentru a reduce legăturile cu energia rusă, în timp ce se întărește integrarea cu Europa, ar putea fi eficientă.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">În al doilea rând, sistemele energetice descentralizate ar putea ajuta la problemele energetice ale Ucrainei. De exemplu, construirea <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">surse de energie descentralizate</a> ar face infrastructura energetică ucraineană mai puțin susceptibilă la atacurile rusești. Municipalitățile locale au <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">deployed</a> turbine de gaz mici pentru a alimenta casele, spitalele și serviciile esențiale. Deși aceasta este o soluție temporară pentru ca Ucraina să se pregătească pentru iarna care urmează, ucrainenii vor trebui să colaboreze cu experți în energie pentru a stabili o soluție pe termen lung.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Pe scurt, Ucraina se grăbește împotriva timpului pentru a se pregăti pentru o iarnă potențial sumbră. Prioritizarea rezilienței infrastructurii energetice a Ucrainei este esențială. Guvernul ucrainean trebuie să ia măsuri pentru a se asigura că cerințele energetice sunt îndeplinite în întreaga țară. Acest lucru ar trebui să includă întărirea facilităților energetice critice împotriva atacurilor cibernetice și amenințărilor fizice, precum și dezvoltarea planurilor de urgență pentru restaurarea rapidă a energiei în cazul întreruperilor. Abordarea acestor probleme va ajuta ucrainenii să se pregătească pentru iarna brutală și sumbră care urmează. Altfel, Ucraina ar putea suferi.</span>\n<span class=\"para\"><strong>Mark Temnycky</strong> este un <a href=\"https://wakelet.com/@MTemnycky\">jurnalist freelance acreditat</a> care acoperă afacerile eurasiatice și un <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">fellow nonresident</a> la Atlantic Council Eurasia Center.</span>\n<span class=\"para\"><span> </span></span>",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"ru": {
            key:"value": string:"",
            key:"engine": null:null
        },
        key:"sk": {
            key:"value": string:"<span class=\"para\"><span>Keď Rusi pokračujú vo svojej plnohodnotnej invázii na Ukrajinu, ďalšia kríza je na obzore. Podľa viacerých spravodajských agentúr nemusí byť energetická infraštruktúra Ukrajiny pripravená na nadchádzajúcu zimu.</span></span>\n<span class=\"para\"><span>V nedávnej správe think tanku Royal United Services Institute </span><a href=\"https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/bracing-hardest-winter-protecting-ukraines-energy-infrastructure\">uviedol</a><span>, že Ukrajinci sa “pripravujú na [ich] najťažšiu zimu”. Medzitým Associated Press </span><a href=\"https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-energy-russia-airstrikes-greenpeace-1dfe7e60d4f9291f1196afda1a19373a\">povedal</a><span>, že Ukrajina čelí “najťažšej zime kvôli zosilneným ruským útokom na energetickú infraštruktúru”.</span></span>\n<span class=\"para\">Existuje niekoľko dôvodov na znepokojenie ohľadom stavu energetickej infraštruktúry Ukrajiny. Keď sa Európa blíži k nadchádzajúcej zime, energetický sektor Ukrajiny sa nachádza v riziku. Keď začala plnohodnotná invázia Ruska vo februári 2024, Rusi <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984l87l2w6o\">zabrali a ovládli</a> <a href=\"https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/04/europes-largest-nuclear-plant-shuts-down-after-a-russian-attack\">Jadrovú elektráreň Zaporizhzhia</a> (ZNPP), veľkého dodávateľa energie na Ukrajine. Po týchto udalostiach Rusi <a href=\"https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/one-year-on-russia-continues-ecological-warfare-in-ukraine\">ostreľovali</a> ZNPP. To znepokojilo Organizáciu Spojených národov, Medzinárodnú agentúru pre atómovú energiu a Agentúru pre jadrovú energiu.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Okrem toho Rusi <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/europe/russia-ukraine-nuclear-zelensky-un-intl/index.html\">zničili</a> množstvo tepelných elektrární po celej Ukrajine. Rusi tiež cielili na hydroelektrickú kapacitu Ukrajiny. Nakoniec Rusko <a href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/0904/russia-attack-ukrainian-electric-grid\">spustilo</a> množstvo útokov na ukrajinské elektrické siete.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Táto devastácia mala významný dopad na energetickú infraštruktúru Ukrajiny. Ak Ukrajinci nebudú schopní opraviť poškodené alebo zničené energetické zariadenia pred zimou, ocitnú sa v náročnej situácii.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ukrajinci sa vyrovnali s chladnými zimami aj vtedy, keď Rusi zasahovali do energetických a plynových dodávok Kyjeva. Ale s neustálym ostreľovaním zariadení v krajine sa Ukrajinci ocitli v ťažšej situácii.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Od plnohodnotnej invázie Ruska musela Ukrajina šetriť energiou. Existujú <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">správy o výpadkoch</a> v rôznych regiónoch po celej krajine na šetrenie tepla a elektriny. Táto zima môže byť brutálnejšia a obyvatelia budú musieť šetriť svoju energiu, pretože sa odhaduje, že výpadky by mohli dosiahnuť až <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">20 hodín denne</a>. Inými slovami, pre Ukrajinu je dôležité zabezpečiť, aby jej energetický sektor bol pripravený prežiť ďalšiu ťažkú zimu.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Pre Ukrajinu nie sú tieto energetické riziká nič nové. Pred plnohodnotnou inváziou v roku 2022 boli Ukrajinci vystavení ruským útokom na svoj energetický sektor. Napríklad v roku 2015 Ukrajinci <a href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ir-alert-h-16-056-01\">zažili výpadky elektriny</a> uprostred zimy v decembri 2015. Čoskoro sa zistilo, že Rusko spustilo kybernetický útok na energetickú infraštruktúru Ukrajiny. Tisíce Ukrajincov boli dočasne bez elektriny. Potom, v roku 2016, Rusi <a href=\"https://jsis.washington.edu/news/cyberattack-critical-infrastructure-russia-ukrainian-power-grid-attacks/\">spustili</a> podobný kybernetický útok, keď zasahovali do energetických dodávok Kyjeva. Odvtedy sa ruské kybernetické útoky na ukrajinskú energetickú infraštruktúru stali bežnými.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Tieto udalosti pomohli Ukrajine posilniť jej energetickú infraštruktúru a krajina zlepšila svoje kybernetické obrany. Ale tieto zlepšenia nemali šancu proti ruským leteckým bombardovaniam. Od roku 2022 sa Ukrajinci usilovne snažili riešiť problémy spôsobené ruskými raketovými útokmi, najmä počas zimných mesiacov.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ukrajina predtým uspela počas predchádzajúcich dvoch zim, ale tentoraz to bude iné. Doteraz ruské bombardovania <a href=\"https://time.com/7008613/ukraine-russia-power-sector-frontline/#:~:text=Some%2060%25%20of%20Ukraine's%20power,reach%2020%20hours%20per%20day.\">zničili</a> 60 percent kapacity výroby elektriny na Ukrajine. Okrem toho Ukrajina prežíva svoje najhoršie kolísavé výpadky elektriny od začiatku plnohodnotnej ruské invázie vo februári 2022.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ukrajinci naliehavo pracujú na riešení týchto obáv. Jednou z možností je <a href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/11/russia-attacks-ukraine-energy-infrastructure-power-plants-electricity/\">obnoviť</a> svoje poškodené a zničené energetické zariadenia. Zároveň iní <a href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/23/winter-and-the-bumpy-road-ahead-for-ukraine\">siahli</a> po možnosti jadrovej energie na stabilizáciu dodávok elektriny v krajine počas tohto kritického obdobia.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Existuje však niekoľko výziev spojených s týmito prístupmi. Po prvé, Ukrajina nemá dostatočné protilietadlové systémy a muníciu na to, aby sa <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/22/europe-struggles-to-strengthen-ukraine-s-air-defense-system_6669152_4.html\">bránila</a> proti ruským útokom. To ponecháva jej infraštruktúru vystavenú a komplikuje to aj obnovovacie úsilie. Okrem toho je Ukrajina stále vystavená ruským bombardovaniam. Ak Ukrajina nebude schopná chrániť svoju energetickú infraštruktúru pred súčasnými a budúcimi útokmi z Moskvy, potom by tieto obnovovacie snahy boli bezvýznamné. Napokon, táto infraštruktúra by bola opäť zničená v ruských útokoch. Hrozba útokov na tieto obnovovacie snahy tiež sťažuje Ukrajine získavať peniaze prostredníctvom investícií na tieto obnovovacie úsilie.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Tieto výzvy nemožno ignorovať. Avšak Ukrajinci môžu mať možnosti, ako zvýšiť svoju kapacitu výroby energie pred zimou. Napríklad by Ukrajina mohla usilovať o zlepšenie svojej väčšej prepojenosti elektrických sietí. Keď začala ruská invázia na Ukrajinu <a href=\"https://euobserver.com/news/ar8ec3bccc\">“Ukrajinci <a href=\"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/2-years-ukraine-and-moldova-synchronised-electricity-grids-eu-2024-03-15_en\">synchronizovali</a> svoje elektrické siete s Kontinentálnou európskou sieťou. To pomohlo Ukrajine ‘<a href=\"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/37851\">stabilizovať svoj elektrický systém</a>’.” Taktiež to urobilo energetický sektor Ukrajiny menej závislým na Rusku. Hľadanie iných ciest na prerušenie väzieb s ruskou energiou a posilnenie integrácie s Európou by mohlo byť účinné.</a></span>\n<span class=\"para\">Po druhé, decentralizované energetické systémy môžu pomôcť riešiť energetické problémy Ukrajiny. Napríklad výstavba <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">decentralizovaných energetických zdrojov</a> by urobila ukrajinskú energetickú infraštruktúru menej náchylnou na ruské útoky. Miestne samosprávy <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">nasadili</a> malé plynové turbíny na napájanie domácností, nemocníc a základných služieb. Hoci ide o dočasné riešenie pre Ukrajinu na prípravu na nadchádzajúcu zimu, Ukrajinci budú musieť spolupracovať s energetickými odborníkmi na vytvorenie dlhodobého riešenia.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Stručne povedané, Ukrajina preteká s časom, aby sa pripravila na potenciálne temnú zimu. Prioritizácia odolnosti energetickej infraštruktúry Ukrajiny je nevyhnutná. Ukrajinská vláda musí podniknúť kroky na zabezpečenie toho, aby energetické požiadavky boli splnené po celej krajine. To by malo zahŕňať posilnenie kritických energetických zariadení proti kybernetickým útokom a fyzickým hrozbám, ako aj vypracovanie plánov na rýchlu obnovu elektriny v prípade narušení. Riešenie týchto problémov pomôže Ukrajincom pripraviť sa na nadchádzajúcu brutálnu a temnú zimu. Inak môže Ukrajina trpieť.</span>\n<span class=\"para\"><strong>Mark Temnycky</strong> je <a href=\"https://wakelet.com/@MTemnycky\">akreditovaný nezávislý novinár</a> pokrývajúci eurázijské záležitosti a <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">nebydlící člen</a> v Atlantic Council Eurasia Center.</span>\n<span class=\"para\"><span> </span></span>",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
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        key:"sv": {
            key:"value": string:"<span class=\"para\"><span>När ryssarna fortsätter sin fullskaliga invasion av Ukraina, är en annan kris på väg. Enligt flera nyhetskällor kanske Ukrainas energiinfrastruktur inte är redo för den kommande vintern.</span></span>\n<span class=\"para\"><span>I en nyligen rapporterade, sa tankesmedjan Royal United Services Institute </span><a href=\"https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/bracing-hardest-winter-protecting-ukraines-energy-infrastructure\">att</a><span> ukrainarna “förbereder sig för [sin] svåraste vinter”. Under tiden sa Associated Press </span><a href=\"https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-energy-russia-airstrikes-greenpeace-1dfe7e60d4f9291f1196afda1a19373a\">att</a><span> Ukraina kommer att möta sin “svåraste vinter på grund av intensifierade ryska attacker på energiinfrastrukturen”.</span></span>\n<span class=\"para\">Det finns flera skäl att slå larm om tillståndet för Ukrainas energiinfrastruktur. När Europa närmar sig den kommande vintern, befinner sig Ukrainas energisektor i riskzonen. När Rysslands fullskaliga invasion började i februari 2024, <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984l87l2w6o\">fångade och kontrollerade</a> ryssarna <a href=\"https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/04/europes-largest-nuclear-plant-shuts-down-after-a-russian-attack\">Zaporizhzhia</a> kärnkraftverk (ZNPP), en stor energileverantör i Ukraina. Efter dessa händelser <a href=\"https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/one-year-on-russia-continues-ecological-warfare-in-ukraine\">bombarderade</a> ryssarna ZNPP. Detta väckte oro hos Förenta nationerna, Internationella atomenergiorganet och Kärnenergiagenturen.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Vidare har ryssarna <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/europe/russia-ukraine-nuclear-zelensky-un-intl/index.html\">förstört</a> många värmekraftverk över hela Ukraina. Ryssarna har också riktat in sig på Ukrainas vattenkraftskapacitet. Slutligen har Ryssland <a href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/0904/russia-attack-ukrainian-electric-grid\">inlett</a> många attacker mot ukrainska elnät.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Denna förödelse har haft en betydande inverkan på Ukrainas energiinfrastruktur. Om ukrainarna inte kan reparera skadade eller förstörda energianläggningar före vintern, kommer de att befinna sig i en utmanande situation.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ukrainarna har hanterat kalla vintrar även när ryssarna har manipulerat Kyiivs energiförsörjning och gasleveranser. Men med det ständiga bombardemanget av anläggningar i landet har ukrainarna hamnat i en svårare situation.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Sedan den ryska fullskaliga invasionen har Ukraina varit tvunget att spara energi. Det har förekommit <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">rapporter om strömavbrott</a> i olika regioner över hela landet för att spara värme och elektricitet. Denna vinter kan bli mer brutal, och invånarna kommer att behöva spara sin energi eftersom det uppskattas att strömavbrott kan nå upp till <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">20 timmar per dag</a>. Med andra ord, loppet är igång för Ukraina att säkerställa att dess energisektor är förberedd för att klara ännu en hård vinter.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">För Ukraina är dessa energirisker inget nytt. Före den fullskaliga invasionen 2022 utsattes ukrainarna för ryska attacker på sin energisektor. Till exempel, 2015, <a href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ir-alert-h-16-056-01\">upplevde ukrainarna strömavbrott</a> mitt i vintern i december 2015. Det upptäcktes snart att Ryssland hade inlett en cyberattack mot Ukrainas energiinfrastruktur. Tusentals ukrainare lämnades tillfälligt utan ström. Sedan, 2016, <a href=\"https://jsis.washington.edu/news/cyberattack-critical-infrastructure-russia-ukrainian-power-grid-attacks/\">inledde</a> ryssarna en liknande cyberattack när de manipulerade Kyiivs energiförsörjning. Sedan dess har ryska cyberattacker mot ukrainsk energiinfrastruktur blivit vanliga.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Dessa händelser har hjälpt Ukraina att stärka sin energiinfrastruktur, och landet har förbättrat sina cyberförsvar. Men dessa förbättringar hade ingen chans mot Rysslands luftbombningar. Sedan 2022 har ukrainarna arbetat hårt för att försöka åtgärda de problem som orsakats av ryska missilattacker, särskilt under vintermånaderna.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ukraina lyckades tidigare under de föregående två vintrarna, men denna gång kommer det att bli annorlunda. Hittills har ryska bombardemang <a href=\"https://time.com/7008613/ukraine-russia-power-sector-frontline/#:~:text=Some%2060%25%20of%20Ukraine's%20power,reach%2020%20hours%20per%20day.\">förstört</a> 60 procent av Ukrainas elproduktionskapacitet. Vidare genomgår Ukraina sina värsta rullande strömavbrott sedan början av den ryska fullskaliga invasionen i februari 2022.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ukrainarna arbetar brådskande för att ta itu med dessa bekymmer. Ett alternativ är att <a href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/11/russia-attacks-ukraine-energy-infrastructure-power-plants-electricity/\">återuppbygga</a> sina skadade och förstörda energianläggningar. Samtidigt har andra <a href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/23/winter-and-the-bumpy-road-ahead-for-ukraine\">vändt</a> sig till alternativet kärnenergi för att stabilisera landets elförsörjning under denna kritiska period.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Men det finns flera utmaningar med dessa tillvägagångssätt. För det första saknar Ukraina tillräckliga luftvärnssystem och ammunition för att <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/22/europe-struggles-to-strengthen-ukraine-s-air-defense-system_6669152_4.html\">skydda sig</a> mot ryska attacker. Detta lämnar dess infrastruktur exponerad och komplicerar också återuppbyggnadsinsatser. Vidare utsätts Ukraina fortfarande för ryska bombardemang. Om Ukraina inte kan skydda sin energiinfrastruktur från Moskvas nuvarande och framtida attacker, skulle dessa återuppbyggnadsinsatser vara meningslösa. Trots allt skulle denna infrastruktur bara förstöras igen i en rysk attack. Hotet om attacker mot dessa återuppbyggnadsinsatser gör det också svårt för Ukraina att samla in pengar genom investeringar för dessa återuppbyggnadsinsatser.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Dessa utmaningar kan inte ignoreras. Men ukrainarna kan ha alternativ för hur de kan öka sin energiproduktionskapacitet inför vintern. Till exempel skulle Ukraina kunna söka förbättra sin större elnätsinterkonnektivitet. När den ryska invasionen av Ukraina <a href=\"https://euobserver.com/news/ar8ec3bccc\">började</a>, “synchroniserade ukrainarna <a href=\"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/2-years-ukraine-and-moldova-synchronised-electricity-grids-eu-2024-03-15_en\">sina elnät med det kontinentala europeiska nätet. Detta har hjälpt Ukraina att ‘<a href=\"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/37851\">stabilisera sitt elsystem</a>’.” Det har också gjort Ukrainas energisektor mindre beroende av Ryssland. Att söka andra vägar för att bryta banden med rysk energi samtidigt som man stärker integrationen med Europa kan vara effektivt.</a></span>\n<span class=\"para\">För det andra kan decentraliserade energisystem hjälpa till med Ukrainas energiproblem. Till exempel skulle konstruktionen av <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">decentraliserade energikällor</a> göra den ukrainska energiinfrastrukturen mindre sårbar för ryska attacker. Lokala kommuner har <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">installerat</a> små gasturbiner för att förse hem, sjukhus och viktiga tjänster med kraft. Även om detta är en tillfällig lösning för Ukraina att förbereda sig för den kommande vintern, kommer ukrainarna att behöva arbeta med energiexperter för att etablera en långsiktig lösning.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Sammanfattningsvis tävlar Ukraina mot klockan för att förbereda sig för en potentiellt dyster vinter. Att prioritera motståndskraften hos Ukrainas energiinfrastruktur är avgörande. Den ukrainska regeringen måste vidta åtgärder för att säkerställa att energibehoven tillgodoses över hela landet. Detta bör inkludera att stärka kritiska energianläggningar mot cyberattacker och fysiska hot, samt att utveckla beredskapsplaner för snabb återställning av kraft vid störningar. Att ta itu med dessa frågor kommer att hjälpa ukrainarna att förbereda sig för den kommande brutala och dystra vintern. Annars kan Ukraina lida.</span>\n<span class=\"para\"><strong>Mark Temnycky</strong> är en <a href=\"https://wakelet.com/@MTemnycky\">ackrediterad frilansjournalist</a> som täcker eurasiska frågor och en <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">icke-bosatt forskare</a> vid Atlantic Council Eurasia Center.</span>\n<span class=\"para\"><span> </span></span>",
            key:"engine": string:"gpt-4o-mini-2024-07-18"
        },
        key:"tr": {
            key:"value": string:"<span class=\"para\"><span>Ruslar, Ukrayna'ya yönelik tam ölçekli işgallerine devam ederken, başka bir kriz kapıda. Birçok haber kaynağına göre, Ukrayna'nın enerji altyapısı yaklaşan kış için hazır olmayabilir.</span></span>\n<span class=\"para\"><span>Son bir raporda, Royal United Services Institute düşünce kuruluşu </span><a href=\"https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/bracing-hardest-winter-protecting-ukraines-energy-infrastructure\">belirtti</a><span> ki Ukraynalılar “en zor kışlarına hazırlanıyorlar”. Bu arada, Associated Press </span><a href=\"https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-energy-russia-airstrikes-greenpeace-1dfe7e60d4f9291f1196afda1a19373a\">dedi</a><span> ki Ukrayna, enerji altyapısına yönelik yoğun Rus saldırıları nedeniyle “en zor kışı” yaşayacak.</span></span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ukrayna'nın enerji altyapısının durumu hakkında alarm vermek için birkaç neden var. Avrupa yaklaşan kışa yaklaşırken, Ukrayna'nın enerji sektörü risk altında. Rusya'nın tam ölçekli işgali Şubat 2024'te başladığında, Ruslar <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984l87l2w6o\">Zaporizhzhia</a> Nükleer Santrali'ni (ZNPP) <a href=\"https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/04/europes-largest-nuclear-plant-shuts-down-after-a-russian-attack\">ele geçirdi ve kontrol altına aldı</a>, bu Ukrayna'daki büyük enerji sağlayıcısıydı. Bu olayların ardından, Ruslar ZNPP'yi <a href=\"https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/one-year-on-russia-continues-ecological-warfare-in-ukraine\">bombardıman etti</a>. Bu durum Birleşmiş Milletler, Uluslararası Atom Enerjisi Ajansı ve Nükleer Enerji Ajansı'nı endişelendirdi.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ayrıca, Ruslar Ukrayna genelinde birçok termal santrali <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/europe/russia-ukraine-nuclear-zelensky-un-intl/index.html\">yıktı</a>. Ruslar ayrıca Ukrayna'nın hidroelektrik kapasitesini de hedef aldı. Son olarak, Rusya, Ukrayna enerji şebekelerine <a href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/0904/russia-attack-ukrainian-electric-grid\">birçok saldırı düzenledi</a>.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Bu yıkım, Ukrayna'nın enerji altyapısı üzerinde önemli bir etki yarattı. Ukraynalılar, kış gelmeden hasar görmüş veya yok olmuş enerji tesislerini onaramazlarsa, zor bir durumla karşı karşıya kalacaklar.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ukraynalılar, Rusların Kyiv'in enerji ve gaz arzlarıyla oynadığı zamanlarda bile soğuk kışlarla başa çıkmak zorunda kaldılar. Ancak, ülkedeki tesislerin sürekli bombalanmasıyla, Ukraynalılar daha zor bir durumla karşı karşıya kaldılar.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Rusların tam ölçekli işgali başladığından beri, Ukrayna enerji tasarrufu yapmak zorunda kaldı. Ülkede ısı ve elektriği korumak için çeşitli bölgelerde <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">kesintiler</a> olduğuna dair raporlar var. Bu kış daha sert geçebilir ve sakinlerin enerji tasarrufu yapmaları gerekecek, çünkü kesintilerin günde <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">20 saate kadar</a> ulaşabileceği tahmin ediliyor. Diğer bir deyişle, Ukrayna'nın enerji sektörünün bir başka sert kışı atlatmak için hazır olmasını sağlamak için zamanla yarışıyor.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ukrayna için bu enerji riskleri yeni değil. 2022'deki tam ölçekli işgaldan önce, Ukraynalılar enerji sektörlerine yönelik Rus saldırılarına maruz kaldılar. Örneğin, 2015'te Ukraynalılar, Aralık 2015'te kışın ortasında <a href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ir-alert-h-16-056-01\">elektrik kesintileri</a> yaşadılar. Kısa süre içinde Rusya'nın Ukrayna'nın enerji altyapısına siber saldırı düzenlediği keşfedildi. Binlerce Ukraynalı geçici olarak elektriksiz kaldı. Ardından, 2016'da Ruslar, Kyiv'in enerji arzlarıyla oynayarak <a href=\"https://jsis.washington.edu/news/cyberattack-critical-infrastructure-russia-ukrainian-power-grid-attacks/\">benzer bir siber saldırı düzenlediler</a>. O zamandan beri, Rus siber saldırıları Ukrayna enerji altyapısına karşı yaygın hale geldi.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Bu olaylar, Ukrayna'nın enerji altyapısını güçlendirmesine yardımcı oldu ve ülke siber savunmalarını geliştirdi. Ancak bu iyileştirmeler, Rusya'nın hava bombardımanlarına karşı bir şans bulamadı. 2022'den bu yana, Ukraynalılar, özellikle kış aylarında Rus füze saldırılarının neden olduğu sorunları çözmek için çok çalıştılar.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ukrayna, önceki iki kışta başarılı oldu, ancak bu sefer farklı olacak. Bugüne kadar, Rus bombardımanları <a href=\"https://time.com/7008613/ukraine-russia-power-sector-frontline/#:~:text=Some%2060%25%20of%20Ukraine's%20power,reach%2020%20hours%20per%20day.\">Ukrayna'nın enerji üretim kapasitesinin %60'ını yok etti</a>. Ayrıca, Ukrayna, Şubat 2022'de Rusya'nın tam ölçekli işgalinin başlangıcından bu yana en kötü kesintileri yaşıyor.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ukraynalılar bu endişeleri acilen ele almak için çalışıyorlar. Bir seçenek, <a href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/11/russia-attacks-ukraine-energy-infrastructure-power-plants-electricity/\">hasar görmüş ve yok olmuş enerji tesislerini yeniden inşa etmek</a>. Aynı zamanda, diğerleri, bu kritik dönemde ülkenin enerji arzını istikrara kavuşturmak için <a href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/23/winter-and-the-bumpy-road-ahead-for-ukraine\">nükleer enerji seçeneğine yöneldi</a>.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Ancak bu yaklaşımlarla ilgili birkaç zorluk var. Öncelikle, Ukrayna, Rus saldırılarına karşı <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/22/europe-struggles-to-strengthen-ukraine-s-air-defense-system_6669152_4.html\">kendini savunmak için yeterli hava savunma sistemleri ve mühimmata sahip değil</a>. Bu, altyapısını savunmasız bırakıyor ve yeniden inşa çabalarını da karmaşık hale getiriyor. Ayrıca, Ukrayna hala Rus bombardımanlarına maruz kalıyor. Eğer Ukrayna, enerji altyapısını Moskova'nın mevcut ve gelecekteki saldırılarından koruyamazsa, bu yeniden inşa çabaları anlamsız hale gelecektir. Sonuçta, bu altyapı yalnızca bir Rus saldırısında tekrar yok edilecektir. Bu yeniden inşa çabalarına yönelik saldırı tehdidi de, Ukrayna'nın bu yeniden inşa çabaları için yatırım yoluyla para toplamasını zorlaştırıyor.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Bu zorluklar göz ardı edilemez. Ancak, Ukraynalılar kış öncesinde enerji üretim kapasitelerini artırmak için seçeneklere sahip olabilirler. Örneğin, Ukrayna, daha büyük enerji şebekesi bağlantılarını artırmayı hedefleyebilir. Rusya'nın Ukrayna'yı <a href=\"https://euobserver.com/news/ar8ec3bccc\">işgali başladığında</a>, “Ukraynalılar <a href=\"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/2-years-ukraine-and-moldova-synchronised-electricity-grids-eu-2024-03-15_en\">elektrik şebekelerini Kıtasal Avrupa Ağı ile senkronize ettiler</a>. Bu, Ukrayna'nın ‘<a href=\"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/37851\">elektrik sistemini istikrara kavuşturmasına</a>’ yardımcı oldu.” Ayrıca, Ukrayna'nın enerji sektörü Rusya'ya daha az bağımlı hale geldi. Rus enerji ile bağları keserken Avrupa ile entegrasyonu güçlendirmek için diğer yolları izlemek etkili olabilir.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">İkincisi, merkezi olmayan enerji sistemleri, Ukrayna'nın enerji sorunlarına yardımcı olabilir. Örneğin, <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">merkezi olmayan enerji kaynakları</a> inşa etmek, Ukrayna enerji altyapısını Rus saldırılarına karşı daha az hassas hale getirecektir. Yerel belediyeler, evleri, hastaneleri ve temel hizmetleri güçlendirmek için <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">küçük gaz türbinleri dağıttı</a>. Bu, Ukrayna'nın yaklaşan kışa hazırlık için geçici bir çözüm olsa da, Ukraynalıların uzun vadeli bir çözüm oluşturmak için enerji uzmanlarıyla çalışmaları gerekecek.</span>\n<span class=\"para\">Kısacası, Ukrayna, potansiyel olarak karamsar bir kışa hazırlık için zamanla yarışıyor. Ukrayna'nın enerji altyapısının dayanıklılığını önceliklendirmek esastır. Ukrayna hükümeti, ülke genelinde enerji taleplerinin karşılandığından emin olmak için önlemler almalıdır. Bu, kritik enerji tesislerini siber saldırılara ve fiziksel tehditlere karşı güçlendirmeyi ve kesintiler durumunda hızlı enerji restorasyonu için acil durum planları geliştirmeyi içermelidir. Bu sorunların ele alınması, Ukraynalıların yaklaşan sert ve karamsar kışa hazırlanmalarına yardımcı olacaktır. Aksi takdirde, Ukrayna zarar görebilir.</span>\n<span class=\"para\"><strong>Mark Temnycky</strong> bir <a href=\"https://wakelet.com/@MTemnycky\">akredite serbest gazeteci</a> olup Avrasya meselelerini kapsamaktadır ve aynı zamanda <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">Atlantik Konseyi Avrasya Merkezi'nde</a> <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">yabancı bir araştırmacıdır</a>.</span>\n<span class=\"para\"><span> </span></span>",
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                key:"title": string:"La infrastructure énergétique de l'Ukraine est-elle prête pour l'hiver à venir ?",
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                key:"content": string:"<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Alors que les Russes poursuivent leur invasion à grande échelle de l'Ukraine, une autre crise se profile. Selon plusieurs médias, l'infrastructure énergétique de l'Ukraine pourrait ne pas être prête pour l'hiver à venir.</span></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Dans un rapport récent, le think tank Royal United Services Institute </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/bracing-hardest-winter-protecting-ukraines-energy-infrastructure\">a déclaré</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> que les Ukrainiens se préparent à “leur hiver le plus difficile”. Pendant ce temps, l'Associated Press </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-energy-russia-airstrikes-greenpeace-1dfe7e60d4f9291f1196afda1a19373a\">a dit</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> que l'Ukraine fera face à “son hiver le plus difficile en raison des attaques russes intensifiées sur l'infrastructure énergétique”.</span></p>\n<p>Il y a plusieurs raisons de tirer la sonnette d'alarme sur l'état de l'infrastructure énergétique de l'Ukraine. Alors que l'Europe approche de l'hiver à venir, le secteur énergétique de l'Ukraine se trouve en danger. Lorsque l'invasion à grande échelle de la Russie a commencé en février 2024, les Russes <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984l87l2w6o\">ont capturé et contrôlé</a> la <a href=\"https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/04/europes-largest-nuclear-plant-shuts-down-after-a-russian-attack\">centrale nucléaire de Zaporizhzhia</a> (ZNPP), un grand fournisseur d'énergie en Ukraine. Suite à ces événements, les Russes <a href=\"https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/one-year-on-russia-continues-ecological-warfare-in-ukraine\">ont bombardé</a> la ZNPP. Cela a alarmé les Nations Unies, l'Agence internationale de l'énergie atomique et l'Agence de l'énergie nucléaire.</p>\n<p>De plus, les Russes ont <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/europe/russia-ukraine-nuclear-zelensky-un-intl/index.html\">détruit</a> de nombreuses centrales thermiques à travers l'Ukraine. Les Russes ont également ciblé la capacité hydroélectrique de l'Ukraine. Enfin, la Russie a <a href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/0904/russia-attack-ukrainian-electric-grid\">lancé</a> de nombreuses frappes sur les réseaux électriques ukrainiens.</p>\n<p>Cette dévastation a eu un impact significatif sur l'infrastructure énergétique de l'Ukraine. Si les Ukrainiens ne peuvent pas réparer les installations énergétiques endommagées ou détruites avant l'hiver, ils se retrouveront dans une situation difficile.</p>\n<p>Les Ukrainiens ont fait face à des hivers froids même lorsque les Russes ont perturbé les approvisionnements en énergie et en gaz de Kyiv. Mais avec le bombardement constant des installations dans le pays, les Ukrainiens se sont retrouvés dans une situation plus difficile.</p>\n<p>Depuis l'invasion à grande échelle de la Russie, l'Ukraine a dû conserver de l'énergie. Il y a eu <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">des rapports de coupures de courant</a> dans diverses régions du pays pour conserver la chaleur et l'électricité. Cet hiver pourrait être plus brutal, et les résidents devront conserver leur énergie car il est estimé que les coupures de courant pourraient atteindre jusqu'à <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">20 heures par jour</a>. En d'autres termes, la course est lancée pour que l'Ukraine s'assure que son secteur énergétique est prêt à traverser un autre hiver rigoureux.</p>\n<p>Pour l'Ukraine, ces risques énergétiques ne sont pas nouveaux. Avant l'invasion à grande échelle en 2022, les Ukrainiens étaient soumis à des attaques russes sur leur secteur énergétique. Par exemple, en 2015, les Ukrainiens <a href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ir-alert-h-16-056-01\">ont connu des pannes de courant</a> en plein hiver en décembre 2015. Il a rapidement été découvert que la Russie avait lancé une cyberattaque contre l'infrastructure énergétique de l'Ukraine. Des milliers d'Ukrainiens ont été temporairement privés d'électricité. Puis, en 2016, les Russes <a href=\"https://jsis.washington.edu/news/cyberattack-critical-infrastructure-russia-ukrainian-power-grid-attacks/\">ont lancé</a> une cyberattaque similaire lorsqu'ils ont perturbé les approvisionnements énergétiques de Kyiv. Depuis lors, les cyberattaques russes sur l'infrastructure énergétique ukrainienne sont devenues courantes.</p>\n<p>Ces événements ont aidé l'Ukraine à renforcer son infrastructure énergétique, et le pays a amélioré ses défenses cybernétiques. Mais ces améliorations n'ont eu aucune chance face aux bombardements aériens de la Russie. Depuis 2022, les Ukrainiens ont travaillé dur pour essayer de résoudre les problèmes causés par les frappes de missiles russes, surtout pendant les mois d'hiver.</p>\n<p>L'Ukraine a réussi lors des deux hivers précédents, mais cette fois-ci sera différente. À ce jour, les bombardements russes ont <a href=\"https://time.com/7008613/ukraine-russia-power-sector-frontline/#:~:text=Some%2060%25%20of%20Ukraine's%20power,reach%2020%20hours%20per%20day.\">détruit</a> 60 % de la capacité de production d'énergie de l'Ukraine. De plus, l'Ukraine endure ses pires coupures de courant depuis le début de l'invasion à grande échelle de la Russie en février 2022.</p>\n<p>Les Ukrainiens travaillent d'urgence pour résoudre ces préoccupations. Une option est de <a href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/11/russia-attacks-ukraine-energy-infrastructure-power-plants-electricity/\">reconstruire</a> leurs installations énergétiques endommagées et détruites. En même temps, d'autres se sont <a href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/23/winter-and-the-bumpy-road-ahead-for-ukraine\">tournés</a> vers l'option de l'énergie nucléaire pour stabiliser l'approvisionnement énergétique du pays pendant cette période critique.</p>\n<p>Mais il y a plusieurs défis avec ces approches. Tout d'abord, l'Ukraine manque de systèmes anti-aériens et de munitions suffisants pour <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/22/europe-struggles-to-strengthen-ukraine-s-air-defense-system_6669152_4.html\">se défendre</a> contre les attaques russes. Cela laisse son infrastructure exposée et complique également les efforts de reconstruction. De plus, l'Ukraine est toujours soumise aux bombardements russes. Si l'Ukraine n'est pas en mesure de protéger son infrastructure énergétique contre les attaques actuelles et futures de Moscou, alors ces efforts de reconstruction seraient vains. Après tout, cette infrastructure ne serait que de nouveau détruite lors d'une attaque russe. La menace d'attaques sur ces efforts de reconstruction rend également difficile pour l'Ukraine de lever des fonds par le biais d'investissements pour ces efforts de reconstruction.</p>\n<p>Ces défis ne peuvent pas être ignorés. Cependant, les Ukrainiens peuvent avoir des options sur la façon d'augmenter leur capacité de production d'énergie avant l'hiver. Par exemple, l'Ukraine pourrait chercher à améliorer son interconnexion avec le réseau électrique européen. Lorsque l'invasion russe de l'Ukraine <a href=\"https://euobserver.com/news/ar8ec3bccc\">a commencé</a>, “les Ukrainiens <a href=\"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/2-years-ukraine-and-moldova-synchronised-electricity-grids-eu-2024-03-15_en\">ont synchronisé</a> leurs réseaux électriques avec le Réseau européen continental. Cela a aidé l'Ukraine à ‘<a href=\"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/37851\">stabiliser son système électrique</a>’.” Cela a également rendu le secteur énergétique de l'Ukraine moins dépendant de la Russie. Poursuivre d'autres voies pour couper les liens avec l'énergie russe tout en renforçant l'intégration avec l'Europe pourrait être efficace.</p>\n<p>Deuxièmement, des systèmes énergétiques décentralisés pourraient aider à résoudre les problèmes énergétiques de l'Ukraine. Par exemple, la construction de <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">sources d'énergie décentralisées</a> rendrait l'infrastructure énergétique ukrainienne moins susceptible aux attaques russes. Les municipalités locales ont <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">déployé</a> de petites turbines à gaz pour alimenter les maisons, les hôpitaux et les services essentiels. Bien que cela soit une solution temporaire pour que l'Ukraine se prépare à l'hiver à venir, les Ukrainiens devront travailler avec des experts en énergie pour établir une solution à long terme.</p>\n<p>En résumé, l'Ukraine court contre la montre pour se préparer à un hiver potentiellement sombre. Prioriser la résilience de l'infrastructure énergétique de l'Ukraine est essentiel. Le gouvernement ukrainien doit prendre des mesures pour s'assurer que les demandes énergétiques sont satisfaites à travers le pays. Cela devrait inclure le renforcement des installations énergétiques critiques contre les cyberattaques et les menaces physiques, ainsi que le développement de plans d'urgence pour une restauration rapide de l'énergie en cas de perturbations. S'attaquer à ces problèmes aidera les Ukrainiens à se préparer pour l'hiver brutal et sombre à venir. Sinon, l'Ukraine pourrait souffrir.</p>\n<p><strong>Mark Temnycky</strong> est un <a href=\"https://wakelet.com/@MTemnycky\">journaliste indépendant accrédité</a> couvrant les affaires eurasiennes et un <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">chercheur non résident</a> au Centre Eurasie du Conseil atlantique.</p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> </span></p>",
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                key:"summary": string:"<I>Cet hiver pose naturellement une multitude de défis pour l'Ukraine alors qu'elle continue son combat contre l'invasion de Moscou. En effet, les conditions des deux hivers précédents n'ont fait qu'exacerber les problèmes sur le front. Malgré cela, les problèmes liés à l'infrastructure pourraient rendre les mois à venir particulièrement difficiles pour Kyiv.</I>",
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                key:"title": string:"Украинската енергийна инфраструктура готова ли е за предстоящата зима?",
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                key:"content": string:"<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Докато руснаците продължават своето мащабно нахлуване в Украйна, друга криза е на път. Според няколко новинарски източника, енергийната инфраструктура на Украйна може да не е готова за предстоящата зима.</span></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">В наскоро публикуван доклад, мозъчният тръст на Кралския обединен институт за услуги </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/bracing-hardest-winter-protecting-ukraines-energy-infrastructure\">заяви</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">, че украинците се “подготвят за [своята] най-трудна зима”. Междувременно, Асошиейтед прес </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-energy-russia-airstrikes-greenpeace-1dfe7e60d4f9291f1196afda1a19373a\">каза</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">, че Украйна ще се изправи пред “най-трудната си зима заради засилените руски атаки срещу енергийната инфраструктура”.</span></p>\n<p>Има няколко причини да се вдигне тревога относно състоянието на енергийната инфраструктура на Украйна. Докато Европа се подготвя за предстоящата зима, енергийният сектор на Украйна е изложен на риск. Когато мащабното нахлуване на Русия започна през февруари 2024 г., руснаците <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984l87l2w6o\">завзеха и контролираха</a> <a href=\"https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/04/europes-largest-nuclear-plant-shuts-down-after-a-russian-attack\">Ядрената електрическа централа Запорожие</a> (ЗЕЦ), голям енергиен доставчик в Украйна. След тези събития, руснаците <a href=\"https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/one-year-on-russia-continues-ecological-warfare-in-ukraine\">обстрелваха</a> ЗЕЦ. Това притесни Организацията на обединените нации, Международната агенция за атомна енергия и Агенцията за ядрена енергия.</p>\n<p>Освен това, руснаците <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/europe/russia-ukraine-nuclear-zelensky-un-intl/index.html\">унищожиха</a> множество топлоелектрически станции в Украйна. Руснаците също така насочиха атаките си към хидроелектрическите мощности на Украйна. Накрая, Русия <a href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/0904/russia-attack-ukrainian-electric-grid\">извърши</a> множество удари срещу украинските електрически мрежи.</p>\n<p>Тази разруха е нанесла значителни щети на енергийната инфраструктура на Украйна. Ако украинците не могат да ремонтират повредените или унищожени енергийни съоръжения преди зимата, те ще се окажат в трудна ситуация.</p>\n<p>Украинците са се справяли с студени зими дори когато руснаците са се намесвали в енергийните и газовите доставки на Киев. Но с постоянния обстрел на съоръжения в страната, украинците се оказват в по-трудна ситуация.</p>\n<p>От началото на руското мащабно нахлуване, Украйна е била принудена да пести енергия. Имало е <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">доклади за прекъсвания на електричеството</a> в различни региони на страната, за да се запази топлината и електричеството. Тази зима може да бъде по-брутална, а жителите ще трябва да пестят енергия, тъй като се оценява, че прекъсванията могат да достигнат до <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">20 часа на ден</a>. С други думи, времето тече за Украйна, за да осигури, че енергийният й сектор е подготвен да премине през още една сурова зима.</p>\n<p>За Украйна, тези енергийни рискове не са нищо ново. Преди мащабното нахлуване през 2022 г., украинците бяха подложени на руски атаки срещу своя енергиен сектор. Например, през 2015 г. украинците <a href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ir-alert-h-16-056-01\">изпитаха прекъсвания на електричеството</a> в разгара на зимата през декември 2015 г. Скоро беше установено, че Русия е извършила кибератака срещу енергийната инфраструктура на Украйна. Хиляди украинци временно останаха без електричество. След това, през 2016 г., руснаците <a href=\"https://jsis.washington.edu/news/cyberattack-critical-infrastructure-russia-ukrainian-power-grid-attacks/\">извършиха</a> подобна кибератака, когато се намесиха в енергийните доставки на Киев. Оттогава, руските кибератаки срещу украинската енергийна инфраструктура станаха обичайни.</p>\n<p>Тези събития помогнаха на Украйна да укрепи своята енергийна инфраструктура, а страната подобри киберзащитите си. Но тези подобрения не устояха на руските въздушни бомбардировки. От 2022 г. насам, украинците работят усилено, за да се опитат да решат проблемите, причинени от руските ракетни удари, особено през зимните месеци.</p>\n<p>Украйна преди това успя през предходните две зими, но този път ще бъде различно. До момента, руските бомбардировки са <a href=\"https://time.com/7008613/ukraine-russia-power-sector-frontline/#:~:text=Some%2060%25%20of%20Ukraine's%20power,reach%2020%20hours%20per%20day.\">унищожили</a> 60 процента от капацитета за производство на електрическа енергия на Украйна. Освен това, Украйна преживява най-лошите си ротационни прекъсвания от началото на руското мащабно нахлуване през февруари 2022 г.</p>\n<p>Украинците работят спешно, за да се справят с тези проблеми. Една от опциите е да <a href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/11/russia-attacks-ukraine-energy-infrastructure-power-plants-electricity/\">възстановят</a> повредените и унищожени енергийни съоръжения. В същото време, други <a href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/23/winter-and-the-bumpy-road-ahead-for-ukraine\">се обърнаха</a> към опцията за ядрена енергия, за да стабилизират енергийните доставки на страната през този критичен период.</p>\n<p>Но има няколко предизвикателства с тези подходи. Първо, Украйна няма достатъчно противовъздушни системи и боеприпаси, за да <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/22/europe-struggles-to-strengthen-ukraine-s-air-defense-system_6669152_4.html\">се защити</a> от руски атаки. Това оставя инфраструктурата й изложена и също така усложнява усилията за възстановяване. Освен това, Украйна все още е подложена на руски бомбардировки. Ако Украйна не успее да защити енергийната си инфраструктура от настоящите и бъдещите атаки на Москва, то тези усилия за възстановяване биха били безсмислени. В крайна сметка, тази инфраструктура отново ще бъде унищожена при руска атака. Заплахата от атаки срещу тези усилия за възстановяване също затруднява Украйна да набере средства чрез инвестиции за тези усилия.</p>\n<p>Тези предизвикателства не могат да бъдат пренебрегнати. Въпреки това, украинците може да имат опции как да увеличат капацитета си за производство на енергия преди зимата. Например, Украйна може да се опита да подобри своята свързаност с по-голямата електрическа мрежа. Когато руското нахлуване в Украйна <a href=\"https://euobserver.com/news/ar8ec3bccc\">започна</a>, “украинците <a href=\"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/2-years-ukraine-and-moldova-synchronised-electricity-grids-eu-2024-03-15_en\">синхронизираха</a> електрическите си мрежи с Континенталната европейска мрежа. Това помогна на Украйна ‘<a href=\"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/37851\">да стабилизира електрическата си система</a>’.” То също така направи енергийния сектор на Украйна по-малко зависим от Русия. Следването на други пътища за прекратяване на връзките с руската енергия, докато се укрепва интеграцията с Европа, може да бъде ефективно.</p>\n<p>Второ, децентрализирани енергийни системи могат да помогнат на енергийните проблеми на Украйна. Например, изграждането на <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">децентрализирани енергийни източници</a> би направило енергийната инфраструктура на Украйна по-малко уязвима на руски атаки. Местните общини <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">разположиха</a> малки газови турбини, за да захранват домове, болници и основни услуги. Докато това е временно решение за Украйна да се подготви за предстоящата зима, украинците ще трябва да работят с енергийни експерти, за да установят дългосрочно решение.</p>\n<p>Накратко, Украйна бърза с времето, за да се подготви за потенциално мрачна зима. Приоритизирането на устойчивостта на енергийната инфраструктура на Украйна е от съществено значение. Украинското правителство трябва да предприеме действия, за да осигури, че енергийните нужди са удовлетворени в цялата страна. Това трябва да включва укрепване на критичните енергийни съоръжения срещу кибератаки и физически заплахи, както и разработване на планове за бързо възстановяване на електричеството в случай на прекъсвания. Решаването на тези проблеми ще помогне на украинците да се подготвят за предстоящата брутална и мрачна зима. В противен случай, Украйна може да пострада.</p>\n<p><strong>Марко Темницки</strong> е <a href=\"https://wakelet.com/@MTemnycky\">акредитиран фрийланс журналист</a>, който отразява евразийските дела и е <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">непребиваващ сътрудник</a> в Центъра за Евразия на Атлантическия съвет.</p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> </span></p>",
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                key:"summary": string:"<I>Тази зима естествено поставя редица предизвикателства пред Украйна, докато продължава борбата си срещу нахлуването на Москва. Всъщност, условията през предходните две зими само влошиха проблемите на фронтовата линия. Въпреки това, проблемите, свързани с инфраструктурата, могат да направят предстоящите месеци особено трудни за Киев.</I>",
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                key:"title": string:"Je energetická infrastruktura Ukrajiny připravena na nadcházející zimu?",
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                key:"content": string:"<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Jak Rusové pokračují ve své plnohodnotné invazi na Ukrajinu, další krize je na obzoru. Podle několika zpravodajských agentur nemusí být energetická infrastruktura Ukrajiny připravena na nadcházející zimu.</span></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">V nedávné zprávě think tanku Royal United Services Institute </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/bracing-hardest-winter-protecting-ukraines-energy-infrastructure\">uvedl</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">, že Ukrajinci se “připravují na [jejich] nejtěžší zimu”. Mezitím Associated Press </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-energy-russia-airstrikes-greenpeace-1dfe7e60d4f9291f1196afda1a19373a\">uvedl</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">, že Ukrajina čelí “nejtěžší zimě kvůli zesíleným ruským útokům na energetickou infrastrukturu”.</span></p>\n<p>Existuje několik důvodů, proč vyvolat poplach ohledně stavu energetické infrastruktury Ukrajiny. Jak se Evropa blíží nadcházející zimě, ukrajinský energetický sektor se ocitá v ohrožení. Když v únoru 2024 začala plnohodnotná invaze Ruska, Rusové <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984l87l2w6o\">získali a ovládli</a> <a href=\"https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/04/europes-largest-nuclear-plant-shuts-down-after-a-russian-attack\">jadernou elektrárnu Zaporizhzhia</a> (ZNPP), velkého dodavatele energie na Ukrajině. Po těchto událostech Rusové <a href=\"https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/one-year-on-russia-continues-ecological-warfare-in-ukraine\">ostřelovali</a> ZNPP. To alarmovalo Organizaci spojených národů, Mezinárodní agenturu pro atomovou energii a Agenturu pro jadernou energii.</p>\n<p>Navíc Rusové <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/europe/russia-ukraine-nuclear-zelensky-un-intl/index.html\">zničili</a> řadu tepelných elektráren po celé Ukrajině. Rusové také cíleně útočili na hydroelektrickou kapacitu Ukrajiny. Nakonec Rusko <a href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/0904/russia-attack-ukrainian-electric-grid\">spustilo</a> řadu útoků na ukrajinské elektrické sítě.</p>\n<p>Tato devastace měla významný dopad na energetickou infrastrukturu Ukrajiny. Pokud Ukrajinci nebudou schopni opravit poškozené nebo zničené energetické zařízení před zimou, ocitnou se v obtížné situaci.</p>\n<p>Ukrajinci se potýkali s chladnými zimami i tehdy, když Rusové zasahovali do energetických a plynových dodávek Kyjeva. Ale s neustálým ostřelováním zařízení v zemi se Ukrajinci ocitli v obtížnější situaci.</p>\n<p>Od plnohodnotné ruské invaze musela Ukrajina šetřit energií. Byly <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">hlášeny výpadky</a> v různých regionech po celé zemi, aby se šetřilo teplem a elektřinou. Tato zima může být brutálnější a obyvatelé budou muset šetřit svou energii, protože se odhaduje, že výpadky by mohly dosáhnout až <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">20 hodin denně</a>. Jinými slovy, závod je na Ukrajině, aby zajistila, že její energetický sektor je připraven přežít další drsnou zimu.</p>\n<p>Pro Ukrajinu nejsou tato energetická rizika ničím novým. Před plnohodnotnou invazí v roce 2022 byli Ukrajinci vystaveni ruským útokům na svůj energetický sektor. Například v roce 2015 Ukrajinci <a href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ir-alert-h-16-056-01\">zažili výpadky elektřiny</a> uprostřed zimy v prosinci 2015. Brzy se zjistilo, že Rusko spustilo kybernetický útok na energetickou infrastrukturu Ukrajiny. Tisíce Ukrajinců byly dočasně bez elektřiny. Poté, v roce 2016, Rusové <a href=\"https://jsis.washington.edu/news/cyberattack-critical-infrastructure-russia-ukrainian-power-grid-attacks/\">spustili</a> podobný kybernetický útok, když zasahovali do energetových dodávek Kyjeva. Od té doby se ruské kybernetické útoky na ukrajinskou energetickou infrastrukturu staly běžnými.</p>\n<p>Tyto události pomohly Ukrajině posílit její energetickou infrastrukturu a země zlepšila své kybernetické obrany. Ale tyto zlepšení neměla šanci proti ruským leteckým bombardováním. Od roku 2022 se Ukrajinci usilovně snažili řešit problémy způsobené ruskými raketovými útoky, zejména během zimních měsíců.</p>\n<p>Ukrajina předtím uspěla během předchozích dvou zim, ale tentokrát to bude jiné. Doposud ruské bombardování <a href=\"https://time.com/7008613/ukraine-russia-power-sector-frontline/#:~:text=Some%2060%25%20of%20Ukraine's%20power,reach%2020%20hours%20per%20day.\">zničilo</a> 60 procent kapacity výroby elektřiny na Ukrajině. Navíc Ukrajina prochází svými nejhoršími plánovanými výpadky od začátku ruské plnohodnotné invaze v únoru 2022.</p>\n<p>Ukrajinci urgentně pracují na řešení těchto obav. Jednou z možností je <a href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/11/russia-attacks-ukraine-energy-infrastructure-power-plants-electricity/\">obnovit</a> svá poškozená a zničená energetická zařízení. Zároveň se někteří <a href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/23/winter-and-the-bumpy-road-ahead-for-ukraine\">obracejí</a> k možnosti jaderné energie, aby stabilizovali dodávky energie v zemi během tohoto kritického období.</p>\n<p>Ale s těmito přístupy jsou spojeny různé výzvy. Za prvé, Ukrajina postrádá dostatečné protiletadlové systémy a munici, aby se <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/22/europe-struggles-to-strengthen-ukraine-s-air-defense-system_6669152_4.html\">bránila</a> proti ruským útokům. To ponechává její infrastrukturu vystavenou a také to komplikuje rekonstrukční úsilí. Navíc je Ukrajina stále vystavena ruským bombardováním. Pokud Ukrajina nebude schopna chránit svou energetickou infrastrukturu před současnými a budoucími útoky Moskvy, pak by tyto rekonstrukční snahy byly bezvýznamné. Koneckonců, tato infrastruktura by byla znovu zničena při ruském útoku. Hrozba útoků na tyto rekonstrukční snahy také ztěžuje Ukrajině získat peníze prostřednictvím investic na tyto rekonstrukční snahy.</p>\n<p>Tyto výzvy nelze ignorovat. Nicméně Ukrajinci mohou mít možnosti, jak zvýšit svou kapacitu výroby energie před zimou. Například by Ukrajina mohla usilovat o zlepšení své větší propojenosti elektrických sítí. Když začala ruská invaze na Ukrajinu <a href=\"https://euobserver.com/news/ar8ec3bccc\">“Ukrajinci <a href=\"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/2-years-ukraine-and-moldova-synchronised-electricity-grids-eu-2024-03-15_en\">synchronizovali</a> své elektrické sítě s Kontinentální evropskou sítí. To pomohlo Ukrajině ‘<a href=\"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/37851\">stabilizovat svůj elektrický systém</a>’.” Také to učinilo energetický sektor Ukrajiny méně závislým na Rusku. Usilování o jiné cesty, jak přerušit vazby na ruskou energii, zatímco se posiluje integrace s Evropou, by mohlo být účinné.</p>\n<p>Za druhé, decentralizované energetické systémy mohou pomoci vyřešit energetické problémy Ukrajiny. Například výstavba <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">decentralizovaných energetických zdrojů</a> by učinila ukrajinskou energetickou infrastrukturu méně náchylnou k ruským útokům. Místní obce <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">nasadily</a> malé plynové turbíny k napájení domácností, nemocnic a základních služeb. I když je to dočasné řešení pro Ukrajinu, aby se připravila na nadcházející zimu, Ukrajinci budou muset spolupracovat s energetickými odborníky na vytvoření dlouhodobého řešení.</p>\n<p>Stručně řečeno, Ukrajina závodí s časem, aby se připravila na potenciálně chmurnou zimu. Prioritizace odolnosti energetické infrastruktury Ukrajiny je zásadní. Ukrajinská vláda musí podniknout kroky, aby zajistila, že energetické požadavky budou splněny po celé zemi. To by mělo zahrnovat zpevnění kritických energetických zařízení proti kybernetickým útokům a fyzickým hrozbám, stejně jako vypracování plánů pro rychlé obnovení dodávek energie v případě narušení. Řešení těchto problémů pomůže Ukrajincům připravit se na nadcházející brutální a chmurnou zimu. Jinak by Ukrajina mohla trpět.</p>\n<p><strong>Mark Temnycky</strong> je <a href=\"https://wakelet.com/@MTemnycky\">akreditovaný nezávislý novinář</a> pokrývající záležitosti Eurasie a <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">nerezidentní člen</a> v Atlantic Council Eurasia Center.</p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> </span></p>",
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                key:"summary": string:"<I>Tato zima přirozeně přináší řadu výzev pro Ukrajinu, protože pokračuje ve svém boji proti invazi Moskvy. Skutečně, podmínky během předchozích dvou zim pouze zhoršily problémy na frontě. I přes to mohou problémy související s infrastrukturou učinit nadcházející měsíce pro Kyjev obzvlášť obtížnými.</I>",
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                key:"title": string:"Is de energie-infrastructuur van Oekraïne klaar voor de komende winter?",
                key:"uid": string:"3241a808-b1c7-4d26-bd1d-a27a3ab8d6fa",
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                key:"content": string:"<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Terwijl de Russen hun grootschalige invasie van Oekraïne voortzetten, is er een andere crisis aan de hand. Volgens verschillende nieuwsmedia is de energie-infrastructuur van Oekraïne mogelijk niet klaar voor de komende winter.</span></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">In een recent rapport heeft het denktank Royal United Services Institute </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/bracing-hardest-winter-protecting-ukraines-energy-infrastructure\">verklaard</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> dat de Oekraïners zich “voorbereiden op [hun] moeilijkste winter”. Ondertussen heeft de Associated Press </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-energy-russia-airstrikes-greenpeace-1dfe7e60d4f9291f1196afda1a19373a\">gezegd</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> dat Oekraïne zijn “moeilijkste winter zal ondergaan door de verscherpte Russische aanvallen op de energie-infrastructuur”.</span></p>\n<p>Er zijn verschillende redenen om alarm te slaan over de staat van de energie-infrastructuur van Oekraïne. Terwijl Europa de komende winter nadert, bevindt de energiesector van Oekraïne zich in gevaar. Toen de grootschalige invasie van Rusland in februari 2024 begon, <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984l87l2w6o\">vingen en controleerden</a> de Russen de <a href=\"https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/04/europes-largest-nuclear-plant-shuts-down-after-a-russian-attack\">Zaporizhzhia</a> Kerncentrale (ZNPP), een grote energieprovider in Oekraïne. Na deze gebeurtenissen <a href=\"https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/one-year-on-russia-continues-ecological-warfare-in-ukraine\">bombardeerden</a> de Russen de ZNPP. Dit alarmeerde de Verenigde Naties, het Internationaal Atoomenergieagentschap en het Agentschap voor Kernenergie.</p>\n<p>Bovendien hebben de Russen <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/europe/russia-ukraine-nuclear-zelensky-un-intl/index.html\">talrijke thermische energiecentrales</a> in Oekraïne vernietigd. De Russen hebben ook de hydro-elektrische capaciteit van Oekraïne als doelwit genomen. Ten slotte heeft Rusland <a href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/0904/russia-attack-ukrainian-electric-grid\">talrijke aanvallen</a> op Oekraïense elektriciteitsnetten gelanceerd.</p>\n<p>Deze verwoesting heeft een aanzienlijke tol geëist van de energie-infrastructuur van Oekraïne. Als de Oekraïners de beschadigde of vernietigde energievoorzieningen niet voor de winter kunnen repareren, dan zullen ze in een uitdagende situatie verkeren.</p>\n<p>De Oekraïners hebben te maken gehad met koude winters, zelfs wanneer de Russen hebben geknoeid met de energie- en gasvoorzieningen van Kyiv. Maar met de constante beschietingen van faciliteiten in het land, bevinden de Oekraïners zich in een moeilijkere situatie.</p>\n<p>Sinds de grootschalige Russische invasie heeft Oekraïne energie moeten besparen. Er zijn <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">rapporten van stroomuitval</a> in verschillende regio's van het land om warmte en elektriciteit te besparen. Deze winter kan wreder zijn, en bewoners zullen hun energie moeten besparen, aangezien wordt geschat dat stroomuitval kan oplopen tot <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">20 uur per dag</a>. Met andere woorden, de race is aan voor Oekraïne om ervoor te zorgen dat de energiesector voorbereid is om een andere zware winter door te komen.</p>\n<p>Voor Oekraïne zijn deze energierisico's niets nieuws. Voorafgaand aan de grootschalige invasie in 2022 werden de Oekraïners onderworpen aan Russische aanvallen op hun energiesector. Bijvoorbeeld, in 2015 <a href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ir-alert-h-16-056-01\">ervaren</a> de Oekraïners stroomuitval in de dode winter in december 2015. Het werd al snel ontdekt dat Rusland een cyberaanval had gelanceerd op de energie-infrastructuur van Oekraïne. Duizenden Oekraïners werden tijdelijk zonder stroom gelaten. Toen, in 2016, <a href=\"https://jsis.washington.edu/news/cyberattack-critical-infrastructure-russia-ukrainian-power-grid-attacks/\">lanceerden</a> de Russen een soortgelijke cyberaanval toen ze met de energievoorzieningen van Kyiv knoeiden. Sindsdien zijn Russische cyberaanvallen op de Oekraïense energie-infrastructuur gebruikelijk geworden.</p>\n<p>Deze gebeurtenissen hebben Oekraïne geholpen zijn energie-infrastructuur te versterken, en het land heeft zijn cyberverdedigingen verbeterd. Maar deze verbeteringen hadden geen kans tegen de luchtbombardementen van Rusland. Sinds 2022 hebben de Oekraïners hard gewerkt om de problemen veroorzaakt door Russische raketaanvallen aan te pakken, vooral tijdens de wintermaanden.</p>\n<p>Oekraïne slaagde er eerder in de afgelopen twee winters in, maar deze keer zal het anders zijn. Tot nu toe hebben Russische bombardementen <a href=\"https://time.com/7008613/ukraine-russia-power-sector-frontline/#:~:text=Some%2060%25%20of%20Ukraine's%20power,reach%2020%20hours%20per%20day.\">60 procent</a> van de elektriciteitsopwekkingscapaciteit van Oekraïne vernietigd. Bovendien ondergaat Oekraïne zijn ergste rollende stroomuitval sinds het begin van de grootschalige Russische invasie in februari 2022.</p>\n<p>Oekraïners werken dringend om deze zorgen aan te pakken. Een optie is om hun beschadigde en vernietigde energievoorzieningen te <a href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/11/russia-attacks-ukraine-energy-infrastructure-power-plants-electricity/\">herbouwen</a>. Tegelijkertijd hebben anderen <a href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/23/winter-and-the-bumpy-road-ahead-for-ukraine\">gekozen</a> voor de optie van nucleaire energie om de elektriciteitsvoorziening van het land tijdens deze kritieke periode te stabiliseren.</p>\n<p>Maar er zijn verschillende uitdagingen met deze benaderingen. Ten eerste mist Oekraïne voldoende luchtafweersystemen en munitie om zich <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/22/europe-struggles-to-strengthen-ukraine-s-air-defense-system_6669152_4.html\">te verdedigen</a> tegen Russische aanvallen. Dit laat de infrastructuur blootgesteld en bemoeilijkt ook de herbouwinspanningen. Bovendien wordt Oekraïne nog steeds onderworpen aan Russische bombardementen. Als Oekraïne zijn energie-infrastructuur niet kan beschermen tegen de huidige en toekomstige aanvallen van Moskou, dan zouden deze herbouwinspanningen zinloos zijn. Immers, deze infrastructuur zou opnieuw worden vernietigd in een Russische aanval. De dreiging van aanvallen op deze herbouwinspanningen maakt het ook moeilijk voor Oekraïne om geld te werven via investeringen voor deze herbouwinspanningen.</p>\n<p>Deze uitdagingen kunnen niet worden genegeerd. Echter, de Oekraïners hebben mogelijk opties om hun energieopwekkingscapaciteit voor de winter te vergroten. Bijvoorbeeld, Oekraïne zou kunnen proberen zijn grotere elektriciteitsnetinterconnectiviteit te verbeteren. Toen de Russische invasie van Oekraïne <a href=\"https://euobserver.com/news/ar8ec3bccc\">begon</a>, “synchroniseerden de Oekraïners <a href=\"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/2-years-ukraine-and-moldova-synchronised-electricity-grids-eu-2024-03-15_en\">hun elektriciteitsnetten</a> met het Continentaal Europees Netwerk. Dit heeft Oekraïne geholpen om zijn ‘<a href=\"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/37851\">elektriciteitssysteem te stabiliseren</a>’.” Het heeft ook de energiesector van Oekraïne minder afhankelijk gemaakt van Rusland. Het nastreven van andere wegen om de banden met Russische energie te verbreken terwijl de integratie met Europa wordt versterkt, zou effectief kunnen zijn.</p>\n<p>Tweede, gedecentraliseerde energiesystemen kunnen helpen bij de energieproblemen van Oekraïne. Bijvoorbeeld, het bouwen van <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">gedecentraliseerde energiebronnen</a> zou de Oekraïense energie-infrastructuur minder kwetsbaar maken voor Russische aanvallen. Lokale gemeenten hebben <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">kleine gasturbines ingezet</a> om huizen, ziekenhuizen en essentiële diensten van stroom te voorzien. Hoewel dit een tijdelijke oplossing is voor Oekraïne om zich voor te bereiden op de komende winter, zullen de Oekraïners moeten samenwerken met energie-experts om een langdurige oplossing te vinden.</p>\n<p>Kortom, Oekraïne racet tegen de klok om zich voor te bereiden op een mogelijk sombere winter. Het prioriteren van de veerkracht van de energie-infrastructuur van Oekraïne is essentieel. De Oekraïense regering moet maatregelen nemen om ervoor te zorgen dat aan de energiebehoeften in het hele land wordt voldaan. Dit zou moeten omvatten het versterken van kritieke energievoorzieningen tegen cyberaanvallen en fysieke bedreigingen, evenals het ontwikkelen van noodplannen voor snelle herstel van de stroom in het geval van verstoringen. Het aanpakken van deze problemen zal de Oekraïners helpen zich voor te bereiden op de komende brute en sombere winter. Anders kan Oekraïne lijden.</p>\n<p><strong>Mark Temnycky</strong> is een <a href=\"https://wakelet.com/@MTemnycky\">geaccrediteerde freelance journalist</a> die verslag doet van Euraziatische aangelegenheden en een <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">niet-resident fellow</a> bij het Atlantic Council Eurasia Center.</p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> </span></p>",
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                key:"summary": string:"<I>Deze winter vormt natuurlijk een reeks uitdagingen voor Oekraïne terwijl het zijn strijd tegen de invasie van Moskou voortzet. Inderdaad, de omstandigheden tijdens de vorige twee winters verergerden alleen maar de problemen aan het front. Ondanks dit kunnen problemen met de infrastructuur de komende maanden bijzonder moeilijk maken voor Kyiv.</I>",
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                key:"title": string:"Чи готова енергетична інфраструктура України до майбутньої зими?",
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                key:"title": string:"Да ли је energetska infrastruktura Украјине спремна за предстојећу зиму?",
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            {
                key:"title": string:"Este pregătită infrastructura energetică a Ucrainei pentru iarna care vine?",
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                key:"content": string:"<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Pe măsură ce rușii continuă invazia lor pe scară largă a Ucrainei, o altă criză se profilează. Conform mai multor surse de știri, infrastructura energetică a Ucrainei s-ar putea să nu fie pregătită pentru iarna care urmează.</span></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Într-un raport recent, think tank-ul Royal United Services Institute </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/bracing-hardest-winter-protecting-ukraines-energy-infrastructure\">a declarat</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> că ucrainenii se pregătesc pentru „[cea mai] grea iarnă”. Între timp, Associated Press </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-energy-russia-airstrikes-greenpeace-1dfe7e60d4f9291f1196afda1a19373a\">a spus</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> că Ucraina se va confrunta cu „cea mai grea iarnă din cauza atacurilor rusești intensificate asupra infrastructurii energetice”.</span></p>\n<p>Există mai multe motive pentru a trasa un semnal de alarmă cu privire la starea infrastructurii energetice a Ucrainei. Pe măsură ce Europa se apropie de iarna care vine, sectorul energetic al Ucrainei se află în pericol. Când invazia pe scară largă a Rusiei a început în februarie 2024, rușii <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984l87l2w6o\">au capturat și controlat</a> <a href=\"https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/04/europes-largest-nuclear-plant-shuts-down-after-a-russian-attack\">Centrala Nucleară Zaporizhzhia</a> (ZNPP), un mare furnizor de energie din Ucraina. După aceste evenimente, rușii <a href=\"https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/one-year-on-russia-continues-ecological-warfare-in-ukraine\">au bombardat</a> ZNPP. Acest lucru a alarmat Națiunile Unite, Agenția Internațională pentru Energie Atomică și Agenția pentru Energie Nucleară.</p>\n<p>În plus, rușii au <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/europe/russia-ukraine-nuclear-zelensky-un-intl/index.html\">distrus</a> numeroase centrale electrice termice din întreaga Ucraina. Rușii au vizat, de asemenea, capacitatea hidroenergetică a Ucrainei. În cele din urmă, Rusia a <a href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/0904/russia-attack-ukrainian-electric-grid\">lansat</a> numeroase atacuri asupra rețelelor electrice ucrainene.</p>\n<p>Această devastare a avut un impact semnificativ asupra infrastructurii energetice a Ucrainei. Dacă ucrainenii nu pot repara facilitățile energetice avariate sau distruse înainte de iarnă, atunci se vor afla într-o situație dificilă.</p>\n<p>Ucrainenii s-au confruntat cu ierni reci chiar și atunci când rușii au intervenit în aprovizionarea cu energie și gaz a Kievului. Dar, cu bombardamentele constante asupra facilităților din țară, ucrainenii s-au aflat într-o situație mai dificilă.</p>\n<p>De la invazia pe scară largă a Rusiei, Ucraina a fost nevoită să conserve energia. Au existat <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">rapoarte de întreruperi de curent</a> în diverse regiuni din întreaga țară pentru a conserva căldura și electricitatea. Această iarnă ar putea fi mai brutală, iar locuitorii vor trebui să conserve energia, deoarece se estimează că întreruperile de curent ar putea ajunge până la <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">20 de ore pe zi</a>. În alte cuvinte, cursa a început pentru Ucraina pentru a se asigura că sectorul său energetic este pregătit să facă față unei alte ierni dure.</p>\n<p>Pentru Ucraina, aceste riscuri energetice nu sunt nimic nou. Înainte de invazia pe scară largă din 2022, ucrainenii au fost supuși atacurilor rusești asupra sectorului lor energetic. De exemplu, în 2015, ucrainenii <a href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ir-alert-h-16-056-01\">au experimentat întreruperi de curent</a> în miezul iernii, în decembrie 2015. A fost descoperit rapid că Rusia a lansat un atac cibernetic asupra infrastructurii energetice a Ucrainei. Mii de ucraineni au fost lăsați temporar fără energie electrică. Apoi, în 2016, rușii <a href=\"https://jsis.washington.edu/news/cyberattack-critical-infrastructure-russia-ukrainian-power-grid-attacks/\">au lansat</a> un atac cibernetic similar când au intervenit în aprovizionarea cu energie a Kievului. De atunci, atacurile cibernetice rusești asupra infrastructurii energetice ucrainene au devenit comune.</p>\n<p>Aceste evenimente au ajutat Ucraina să își întărească infrastructura energetică, iar țara a îmbunătățit apărarea sa cibernetică. Dar aceste îmbunătățiri nu au avut nicio șansă împotriva bombardamentelor aeriene rusești. Din 2022, ucrainenii au muncit din greu pentru a încerca să abordeze problemele cauzate de atacurile cu rachete rusești, în special în timpul lunilor de iarnă.</p>\n<p>Ucraina a reușit anterior în ultimele două ierni, dar de data aceasta va fi diferit. Până în prezent, bombardamentele rusești au <a href=\"https://time.com/7008613/ukraine-russia-power-sector-frontline/#:~:text=Some%2060%25%20of%20Ukraine's%20power,reach%2020%20hours%20per%20day.\">distrus</a> 60% din capacitatea de generare a energiei electrice a Ucrainei. În plus, Ucraina suportă cele mai grave întreruperi de curent din începutul invaziei pe scară largă a Rusiei în februarie 2022.</p>\n<p>Ucrainenii lucrează urgent pentru a aborda aceste preocupări. O opțiune este să <a href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/11/russia-attacks-ukraine-energy-infrastructure-power-plants-electricity/\">reconstruiască</a> facilitățile energetice avariate și distruse. În același timp, alții au <a href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/23/winter-and-the-bumpy-road-ahead-for-ukraine\">aplecat</a> spre opțiunea energiei nucleare pentru a stabiliza aprovizionarea cu energie a țării în această perioadă critică.</p>\n<p>Dar există mai multe provocări cu aceste abordări. În primul rând, Ucraina nu dispune de suficiente sisteme de apărare antiaeriană și muniție pentru a <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/22/europe-struggles-to-strengthen-ukraine-s-air-defense-system_6669152_4.html\">se apăra</a> împotriva atacurilor rusești. Acest lucru lasă infrastructura sa expusă și complică, de asemenea, eforturile de reconstrucție. În plus, Ucraina este încă supusă bombardamentelor rusești. Dacă Ucraina nu este capabilă să își protejeze infrastructura energetică de atacurile actuale și viitoare ale Moscovei, atunci aceste eforturi de reconstrucție ar fi lipsite de sens. La urma urmei, această infrastructură ar fi distrusă din nou într-un atac rusesc. Amenințarea atacurilor asupra acestor eforturi de reconstrucție face, de asemenea, dificil pentru Ucraina să strângă fonduri prin investiții pentru aceste eforturi de reconstrucție.</p>\n<p>Aceste provocări nu pot fi ignorate. Cu toate acestea, ucrainenii ar putea avea opțiuni pentru a-și spori capacitatea de generare a energiei înainte de iarnă. De exemplu, Ucraina ar putea căuta să îmbunătățească interconectivitatea rețelei electrice. Când invazia rusă a Ucrainei <a href=\"https://euobserver.com/news/ar8ec3bccc\">a început</a>, „ucrainenii <a href=\"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/2-years-ukraine-and-moldova-synchronised-electricity-grids-eu-2024-03-15_en\">s-au sincronizat</a> rețelele electrice cu Rețeaua Europeană Continentală. Acest lucru a ajutat Ucraina să ‘<a href=\"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/37851\">stabilizeze sistemul său electric</a>’.” De asemenea, a făcut ca sectorul energetic al Ucrainei să fie mai puțin dependent de Rusia. Urmărirea altor căi pentru a reduce legăturile cu energia rusă, în timp ce se întărește integrarea cu Europa, ar putea fi eficientă.</p>\n<p>În al doilea rând, sistemele energetice descentralizate ar putea ajuta la problemele energetice ale Ucrainei. De exemplu, construirea <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">surse de energie descentralizate</a> ar face infrastructura energetică ucraineană mai puțin susceptibilă la atacurile rusești. Municipalitățile locale au <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">deployed</a> turbine de gaz mici pentru a alimenta casele, spitalele și serviciile esențiale. Deși aceasta este o soluție temporară pentru ca Ucraina să se pregătească pentru iarna care urmează, ucrainenii vor trebui să colaboreze cu experți în energie pentru a stabili o soluție pe termen lung.</p>\n<p>Pe scurt, Ucraina se grăbește împotriva timpului pentru a se pregăti pentru o iarnă potențial sumbră. Prioritizarea rezilienței infrastructurii energetice a Ucrainei este esențială. Guvernul ucrainean trebuie să ia măsuri pentru a se asigura că cerințele energetice sunt îndeplinite în întreaga țară. Acest lucru ar trebui să includă întărirea facilităților energetice critice împotriva atacurilor cibernetice și amenințărilor fizice, precum și dezvoltarea planurilor de urgență pentru restaurarea rapidă a energiei în cazul întreruperilor. Abordarea acestor probleme va ajuta ucrainenii să se pregătească pentru iarna brutală și sumbră care urmează. Altfel, Ucraina ar putea suferi.</p>\n<p><strong>Mark Temnycky</strong> este un <a href=\"https://wakelet.com/@MTemnycky\">jurnalist freelance acreditat</a> care acoperă afacerile eurasiatice și un <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">fellow nonresident</a> la Atlantic Council Eurasia Center.</p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> </span></p>",
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                key:"summary": string:"<I>Această iarnă prezintă în mod natural o serie de provocări pentru Ucraina, pe măsură ce își continuă lupta împotriva invaziei Moscovei. De fapt, condițiile din cele două ierni anterioare au agravat doar problemele de pe linia frontului. Cu toate acestea, problemele legate de infrastructură ar putea face ca lunile următoare să fie deosebit de dificile pentru Kiev.</I>",
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                key:"title": string:"Är Ukrainas energiinfrastruktur redo för den kommande vintern?",
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                key:"content": string:"<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">När ryssarna fortsätter sin fullskaliga invasion av Ukraina, är en annan kris på väg. Enligt flera nyhetskällor kanske Ukrainas energiinfrastruktur inte är redo för den kommande vintern.</span></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">I en nyligen rapporterade, sa tankesmedjan Royal United Services Institute </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/bracing-hardest-winter-protecting-ukraines-energy-infrastructure\">att</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> ukrainarna “förbereder sig för [sin] svåraste vinter”. Under tiden sa Associated Press </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-energy-russia-airstrikes-greenpeace-1dfe7e60d4f9291f1196afda1a19373a\">att</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> Ukraina kommer att möta sin “svåraste vinter på grund av intensifierade ryska attacker på energiinfrastrukturen”.</span></p>\n<p>Det finns flera skäl att slå larm om tillståndet för Ukrainas energiinfrastruktur. När Europa närmar sig den kommande vintern, befinner sig Ukrainas energisektor i riskzonen. När Rysslands fullskaliga invasion började i februari 2024, <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984l87l2w6o\">fångade och kontrollerade</a> ryssarna <a href=\"https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/04/europes-largest-nuclear-plant-shuts-down-after-a-russian-attack\">Zaporizhzhia</a> kärnkraftverk (ZNPP), en stor energileverantör i Ukraina. Efter dessa händelser <a href=\"https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/one-year-on-russia-continues-ecological-warfare-in-ukraine\">bombarderade</a> ryssarna ZNPP. Detta väckte oro hos Förenta nationerna, Internationella atomenergiorganet och Kärnenergiagenturen.</p>\n<p>Vidare har ryssarna <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/europe/russia-ukraine-nuclear-zelensky-un-intl/index.html\">förstört</a> många värmekraftverk över hela Ukraina. Ryssarna har också riktat in sig på Ukrainas vattenkraftskapacitet. Slutligen har Ryssland <a href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/0904/russia-attack-ukrainian-electric-grid\">inlett</a> många attacker mot ukrainska elnät.</p>\n<p>Denna förödelse har haft en betydande inverkan på Ukrainas energiinfrastruktur. Om ukrainarna inte kan reparera skadade eller förstörda energianläggningar före vintern, kommer de att befinna sig i en utmanande situation.</p>\n<p>Ukrainarna har hanterat kalla vintrar även när ryssarna har manipulerat Kyiivs energiförsörjning och gasleveranser. Men med det ständiga bombardemanget av anläggningar i landet har ukrainarna hamnat i en svårare situation.</p>\n<p>Sedan den ryska fullskaliga invasionen har Ukraina varit tvunget att spara energi. Det har förekommit <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">rapporter om strömavbrott</a> i olika regioner över hela landet för att spara värme och elektricitet. Denna vinter kan bli mer brutal, och invånarna kommer att behöva spara sin energi eftersom det uppskattas att strömavbrott kan nå upp till <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">20 timmar per dag</a>. Med andra ord, loppet är igång för Ukraina att säkerställa att dess energisektor är förberedd för att klara ännu en hård vinter.</p>\n<p>För Ukraina är dessa energirisker inget nytt. Före den fullskaliga invasionen 2022 utsattes ukrainarna för ryska attacker på sin energisektor. Till exempel, 2015, <a href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ir-alert-h-16-056-01\">upplevde ukrainarna strömavbrott</a> mitt i vintern i december 2015. Det upptäcktes snart att Ryssland hade inlett en cyberattack mot Ukrainas energiinfrastruktur. Tusentals ukrainare lämnades tillfälligt utan ström. Sedan, 2016, <a href=\"https://jsis.washington.edu/news/cyberattack-critical-infrastructure-russia-ukrainian-power-grid-attacks/\">inledde</a> ryssarna en liknande cyberattack när de manipulerade Kyiivs energiförsörjning. Sedan dess har ryska cyberattacker mot ukrainsk energiinfrastruktur blivit vanliga.</p>\n<p>Dessa händelser har hjälpt Ukraina att stärka sin energiinfrastruktur, och landet har förbättrat sina cyberförsvar. Men dessa förbättringar hade ingen chans mot Rysslands luftbombningar. Sedan 2022 har ukrainarna arbetat hårt för att försöka åtgärda de problem som orsakats av ryska missilattacker, särskilt under vintermånaderna.</p>\n<p>Ukraina lyckades tidigare under de föregående två vintrarna, men denna gång kommer det att bli annorlunda. Hittills har ryska bombardemang <a href=\"https://time.com/7008613/ukraine-russia-power-sector-frontline/#:~:text=Some%2060%25%20of%20Ukraine's%20power,reach%2020%20hours%20per%20day.\">förstört</a> 60 procent av Ukrainas elproduktionskapacitet. Vidare genomgår Ukraina sina värsta rullande strömavbrott sedan början av den ryska fullskaliga invasionen i februari 2022.</p>\n<p>Ukrainarna arbetar brådskande för att ta itu med dessa bekymmer. Ett alternativ är att <a href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/11/russia-attacks-ukraine-energy-infrastructure-power-plants-electricity/\">återuppbygga</a> sina skadade och förstörda energianläggningar. Samtidigt har andra <a href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/23/winter-and-the-bumpy-road-ahead-for-ukraine\">vändt</a> sig till alternativet kärnenergi för att stabilisera landets elförsörjning under denna kritiska period.</p>\n<p>Men det finns flera utmaningar med dessa tillvägagångssätt. För det första saknar Ukraina tillräckliga luftvärnssystem och ammunition för att <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/22/europe-struggles-to-strengthen-ukraine-s-air-defense-system_6669152_4.html\">skydda sig</a> mot ryska attacker. Detta lämnar dess infrastruktur exponerad och komplicerar också återuppbyggnadsinsatser. Vidare utsätts Ukraina fortfarande för ryska bombardemang. Om Ukraina inte kan skydda sin energiinfrastruktur från Moskvas nuvarande och framtida attacker, skulle dessa återuppbyggnadsinsatser vara meningslösa. Trots allt skulle denna infrastruktur bara förstöras igen i en rysk attack. Hotet om attacker mot dessa återuppbyggnadsinsatser gör det också svårt för Ukraina att samla in pengar genom investeringar för dessa återuppbyggnadsinsatser.</p>\n<p>Dessa utmaningar kan inte ignoreras. Men ukrainarna kan ha alternativ för hur de kan öka sin energiproduktionskapacitet inför vintern. Till exempel skulle Ukraina kunna söka förbättra sin större elnätsinterkonnektivitet. När den ryska invasionen av Ukraina <a href=\"https://euobserver.com/news/ar8ec3bccc\">började</a>, “synchroniserade ukrainarna <a href=\"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/2-years-ukraine-and-moldova-synchronised-electricity-grids-eu-2024-03-15_en\">sina elnät med det kontinentala europeiska nätet. Detta har hjälpt Ukraina att ‘<a href=\"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/37851\">stabilisera sitt elsystem</a>’.” Det har också gjort Ukrainas energisektor mindre beroende av Ryssland. Att söka andra vägar för att bryta banden med rysk energi samtidigt som man stärker integrationen med Europa kan vara effektivt.</p>\n<p>För det andra kan decentraliserade energisystem hjälpa till med Ukrainas energiproblem. Till exempel skulle konstruktionen av <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">decentraliserade energikällor</a> göra den ukrainska energiinfrastrukturen mindre sårbar för ryska attacker. Lokala kommuner har <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">installerat</a> små gasturbiner för att förse hem, sjukhus och viktiga tjänster med kraft. Även om detta är en tillfällig lösning för Ukraina att förbereda sig för den kommande vintern, kommer ukrainarna att behöva arbeta med energiexperter för att etablera en långsiktig lösning.</p>\n<p>Sammanfattningsvis tävlar Ukraina mot klockan för att förbereda sig för en potentiellt dyster vinter. Att prioritera motståndskraften hos Ukrainas energiinfrastruktur är avgörande. Den ukrainska regeringen måste vidta åtgärder för att säkerställa att energibehoven tillgodoses över hela landet. Detta bör inkludera att stärka kritiska energianläggningar mot cyberattacker och fysiska hot, samt att utveckla beredskapsplaner för snabb återställning av kraft vid störningar. Att ta itu med dessa frågor kommer att hjälpa ukrainarna att förbereda sig för den kommande brutala och dystra vintern. Annars kan Ukraina lida.</p>\n<p><strong>Mark Temnycky</strong> är en <a href=\"https://wakelet.com/@MTemnycky\">ackrediterad frilansjournalist</a> som täcker eurasiska frågor och en <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">icke-bosatt forskare</a> vid Atlantic Council Eurasia Center.</p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> </span></p>",
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                key:"summary": string:"<I>Denna vinter innebär naturligtvis en rad utmaningar för Ukraina när det fortsätter sin kamp mot Moskvas invasion. Faktum är att förhållandena under de föregående två vintrarna endast förvärrade problemen vid frontlinjen. Trots detta kan problem relaterade till infrastruktur göra de kommande månaderna särskilt svåra för Kyiv.</I>",
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                key:"title": string:"Είναι έτοιμη η ενεργειακή υποδομή της Ουκρανίας για τον επερχόμενο χειμώνα;",
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                key:"content": string:"<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Καθώς οι Ρώσοι συνεχίζουν την πλήρη κλίμακα εισβολής τους στην Ουκρανία, μια άλλη κρίση είναι σε εξέλιξη. Σύμφωνα με αρκετές ειδησεογραφικές πηγές, η ενεργειακή υποδομή της Ουκρανίας μπορεί να μην είναι έτοιμη για τον επερχόμενο χειμώνα.</span></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Σε μια πρόσφατη έκθεση, το think tank του Royal United Services Institute </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/bracing-hardest-winter-protecting-ukraines-energy-infrastructure\">δήλωσε</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> ότι οι Ουκρανοί “προετοιμάζονται για τον [πιο] δύσκολο χειμώνα τους”. Εν τω μεταξύ, το Associated Press </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-energy-russia-airstrikes-greenpeace-1dfe7e60d4f9291f1196afda1a19373a\">είπε</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> ότι η Ουκρανία θα αντιμετωπίσει τον “πιο δύσκολο χειμώνα λόγω των εντατικών ρωσικών επιθέσεων στην ενεργειακή υποδομή”.</span></p>\n<p>Υπάρχουν αρκετοί λόγοι για να χτυπήσει το καμπανάκι για την κατάσταση της ενεργειακής υποδομής της Ουκρανίας. Καθώς η Ευρώπη πλησιάζει τον επερχόμενο χειμώνα, ο ενεργειακός τομέας της Ουκρανίας βρίσκεται σε κίνδυνο. Όταν η πλήρης κλίμακα εισβολής της Ρωσίας ξεκίνησε τον Φεβρουάριο του 2024, οι Ρώσοι <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984l87l2w6o\">κατέλαβαν και έλεγξαν</a> το <a href=\"https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/04/europes-largest-nuclear-plant-shuts-down-after-a-russian-attack\">Πυρηνικό Σταθμό Ενέργειας Ζαπορίζια</a> (ZNPP), έναν μεγάλο προμηθευτή ενέργειας στην Ουκρανία. Μετά από αυτά τα γεγονότα, οι Ρώσοι <a href=\"https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/one-year-on-russia-continues-ecological-warfare-in-ukraine\">βομβάρδισαν</a> το ZNPP. Αυτό ανησύχησε τον ΟΗΕ, την Διεθνή Υπηρεσία Ατομικής Ενέργειας και την Υπηρεσία Πυρηνικής Ενέργειας.</p>\n<p>Επιπλέον, οι Ρώσοι έχουν <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/europe/russia-ukraine-nuclear-zelensky-un-intl/index.html\">καταστρέψει</a> πολλές θερμικές μονάδες παραγωγής ενέργειας σε όλη την Ουκρανία. Οι Ρώσοι έχουν επίσης στοχοποιήσει την υδροηλεκτρική ικανότητα της Ουκρανίας. Τέλος, η Ρωσία έχει <a href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/0904/russia-attack-ukrainian-electric-grid\">ξεκινήσει</a> πολλές επιθέσεις στα δίκτυα ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας της Ουκρανίας.</p>\n<p>Αυτή η καταστροφή έχει επιφέρει σημαντικό πλήγμα στην ενεργειακή υποδομή της Ουκρανίας. Εάν οι Ουκρανοί δεν μπορέσουν να επισκευάσουν τις κατεστραμμένες ή κατεστραμμένες ενεργειακές εγκαταστάσεις πριν από τον χειμώνα, τότε θα βρίσκονται σε μια δύσκολη κατάσταση.</p>\n<p>Οι Ουκρανοί έχουν αντιμετωπίσει κρύους χειμώνες ακόμη και όταν οι Ρώσοι έχουν παρέμβει στις ενεργειακές και αερίου προμήθειες του Κιέβου. Αλλά με την συνεχόμενη βομβαρδιστική επίθεση εγκαταστάσεων στη χώρα, οι Ουκρανοί έχουν βρεθεί σε μια πιο δύσκολη κατάσταση.</p>\n<p>Από την πλήρη κλίμακα εισβολής της Ρωσίας, η Ουκρανία έχει αναγκαστεί να εξοικονομήσει ενέργεια. Υπάρχουν <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">αναφορές για διακοπές ρεύματος</a> σε διάφορες περιοχές της χώρας για να εξοικονομηθεί θερμότητα και ηλεκτρική ενέργεια. Αυτός ο χειμώνας μπορεί να είναι πιο σφοδρός, και οι κάτοικοι θα χρειαστεί να εξοικονομήσουν την ενέργειά τους καθώς εκτιμάται ότι οι διακοπές ρεύματος θα μπορούσαν να φτάσουν έως και <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">20 ώρες την ημέρα</a>. Με άλλα λόγια, ο αγώνας είναι σε εξέλιξη για την Ουκρανία να διασφαλίσει ότι ο ενεργειακός τομέας της είναι έτοιμος να περάσει έναν ακόμη σφοδρό χειμώνα.</p>\n<p>Για την Ουκρανία, αυτοί οι ενεργειακοί κίνδυνοι δεν είναι κάτι νέο. Πριν από την πλήρη κλίμακα εισβολής το 2022, οι Ουκρανοί υπήρξαν θύματα ρωσικών επιθέσεων στον ενεργειακό τους τομέα. Για παράδειγμα, το 2015, οι Ουκρανοί <a href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ir-alert-h-16-056-01\">αντιμετώπισαν διακοπές ρεύματος</a> στη μέση του χειμώνα τον Δεκέμβριο του 2015. Σύντομα ανακαλύφθηκε ότι η Ρωσία είχε ξεκινήσει μια κυβερνοεπίθεση στην ενεργειακή υποδομή της Ουκρανίας. Χιλιάδες Ουκρανοί έμειναν προσωρινά χωρίς ρεύμα. Στη συνέχεια, το 2016, οι Ρώσοι <a href=\"https://jsis.washington.edu/news/cyberattack-critical-infrastructure-russia-ukrainian-power-grid-attacks/\">ξεκίνησαν</a> μια παρόμοια κυβερνοεπίθεση όταν παρέμβηκαν στις ενεργειακές προμήθειες του Κιέβου. Από τότε, οι ρωσικές κυβερνοεπιθέσεις στην ενεργειακή υποδομή της Ουκρανίας έχουν γίνει κοινές.</p>\n<p>Αυτά τα γεγονότα έχουν βοηθήσει την Ουκρανία να ενισχύσει την ενεργειακή της υποδομή, και η χώρα έχει ενισχύσει τις κυβερνοαμυνές της. Αλλά αυτές οι βελτιώσεις δεν είχαν καμία τύχη απέναντι στους ρωσικούς αεροπορικούς βομβαρδισμούς. Από το 2022, οι Ουκρανοί έχουν εργαστεί σκληρά για να προσπαθήσουν να αντιμετωπίσουν τα προβλήματα που προκλήθηκαν από τις ρωσικές επιθέσεις με πυραύλους, ειδικά κατά τους χειμερινούς μήνες.</p>\n<p>Η Ουκρανία είχε προηγουμένως επιτύχει κατά τους προηγούμενους δύο χειμώνες, αλλά αυτή τη φορά θα είναι διαφορετικά. Μέχρι σήμερα, οι ρωσικοί βομβαρδισμοί έχουν <a href=\"https://time.com/7008613/ukraine-russia-power-sector-frontline/#:~:text=Some%2060%25%20of%20Ukraine's%20power,reach%2020%20hours%20per%20day.\">καταστρέψει</a> το 60 τοις εκατό της ικανότητας παραγωγής ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας της Ουκρανίας. Επιπλέον, η Ουκρανία υποφέρει από τις χειρότερες κυλιόμενες διακοπές ρεύματος από την αρχή της πλήρους κλίμακας εισβολής της Ρωσίας τον Φεβρουάριο του 2022.</p>\n<p>Οι Ουκρανοί εργάζονται επειγόντως για να αντιμετωπίσουν αυτές τις ανησυχίες. Μια επιλογή είναι να <a href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/11/russia-attacks-ukraine-energy-infrastructure-power-plants-electricity/\">ανακατασκευάσουν</a> τις κατεστραμμένες και κατεστραμμένες ενεργειακές εγκαταστάσεις τους. Ταυτόχρονα, άλλοι έχουν <a href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/23/winter-and-the-bumpy-road-ahead-for-ukraine\">στραφεί</a> στην επιλογή της πυρηνικής ενέργειας για να σταθεροποιήσουν την προμήθεια ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας της χώρας κατά τη διάρκεια αυτής της κρίσιμης περιόδου.</p>\n<p>Αλλά υπάρχουν αρκετές προκλήσεις με αυτές τις προσεγγίσεις. Πρώτον, η Ουκρανία στερείται επαρκών αντιαεροπορικών συστημάτων και πυρομαχικών για να <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/22/europe-struggles-to-strengthen-ukraine-s-air-defense-system_6669152_4.html\">αμυνθεί</a> απέναντι στις ρωσικές επιθέσεις. Αυτό αφήνει την υποδομή της εκτεθειμένη και περιπλέκει επίσης τις προσπάθειες ανακατασκευής. Επιπλέον, η Ουκρανία εξακολουθεί να υπόκειται σε ρωσικούς βομβαρδισμούς. Εάν η Ουκρανία δεν μπορέσει να προστατεύσει την ενεργειακή της υποδομή από τις τρέχουσες και μελλοντικές επιθέσεις της Μόσχας, τότε αυτές οι προσπάθειες ανακατασκευής θα είναι άχρηστες. Μετά από όλα, αυτή η υποδομή θα καταστραφεί ξανά σε μια ρωσική επίθεση. Η απειλή επιθέσεων σε αυτές τις προσπάθειες ανακατασκευής καθιστά επίσης δύσκολη την Ουκρανία να συγκεντρώσει χρήματα μέσω επενδύσεων για αυτές τις προσπάθειες ανακατασκευής.</p>\n<p>Αυτές οι προκλήσεις δεν μπορούν να αγνοηθούν. Ωστόσο, οι Ουκρανοί μπορεί να έχουν επιλογές σχετικά με το πώς να ενισχύσουν την ικανότητά τους παραγωγής ενέργειας πριν από τον χειμώνα. Για παράδειγμα, η Ουκρανία θα μπορούσε να επιδιώξει να ενισχύσει τη μεγαλύτερη διασύνδεση του δικτύου ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας. Όταν η ρωσική εισβολή στην Ουκρανία <a href=\"https://euobserver.com/news/ar8ec3bccc\">ξεκίνησε</a>, “οι Ουκρανοί <a href=\"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/2-years-ukraine-and-moldova-synchronised-electricity-grids-eu-2024-03-15_en\">συντόνισαν</a> τα δίκτυα ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας τους με το Ευρωπαϊκό Δίκτυο. Αυτό έχει βοηθήσει την Ουκρανία να ‘<a href=\"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/37851\">σταθεροποιήσει το σύστημα ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας</a>’.” Έχει επίσης καταστήσει τον ενεργειακό τομέα της Ουκρανίας λιγότερο εξαρτημένο από τη Ρωσία. Η αναζήτηση άλλων οδών για να κοπεί η σύνδεση με την ρωσική ενέργεια ενώ ενισχύεται η ενσωμάτωσή της με την Ευρώπη θα μπορούσε να είναι αποτελεσματική.</p>\n<p>Δεύτερον, τα αποκεντρωμένα ενεργειακά συστήματα μπορεί να βοηθήσουν στα ενεργειακά ζητήματα της Ουκρανίας. Για παράδειγμα, η κατασκευή <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">αποκεντρωμένων πηγών ενέργειας</a> θα καθιστούσε την ενεργειακή υποδομή της Ουκρανίας λιγότερο ευάλωτη σε ρωσικές επιθέσεις. Οι τοπικές δημοτικές αρχές έχουν <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">αναπτύξει</a> μικρές τουρμπίνες αερίου για να τροφοδοτούν σπίτια, νοσοκομεία και βασικές υπηρεσίες. Ενώ αυτή είναι μια προσωρινή λύση για την Ουκρανία να προετοιμαστεί για τον επερχόμενο χειμώνα, οι Ουκρανοί θα χρειαστεί να συνεργαστούν με ειδικούς ενέργειας για να καθορίσουν μια μακροπρόθεσμη λύση.</p>\n<p>Εν ολίγοις, η Ουκρανία αγωνίζεται με τον χρόνο για να προετοιμαστεί για έναν πιθανώς ζοφερό χειμώνα. Η προτεραιότητα στην ανθεκτικότητα της ενεργειακής υποδομής της Ουκρανίας είναι απαραίτητη. Η ουκρανική κυβέρνηση πρέπει να λάβει μέτρα για να διασφαλίσει ότι οι ενεργειακές ανάγκες καλύπτονται σε όλη τη χώρα. Αυτό θα πρέπει να περιλαμβάνει την ενίσχυση των κρίσιμων ενεργειακών εγκαταστάσεων κατά των κυβερνοεπιθέσεων και φυσικών απειλών, καθώς και την ανάπτυξη σχεδίων έκτακτης ανάγκης για γρήγορη αποκατάσταση της ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας σε περίπτωση διακοπών. Η αντιμετώπιση αυτών των ζητημάτων θα βοηθήσει τους Ουκρανούς να προετοιμαστούν για τον επερχόμενο σφοδρό και ζοφερό χειμώνα. Διαφορετικά, η Ουκρανία μπορεί να υποφέρει.</p>\n<p><strong>Mark Temnycky</strong> είναι ένας <a href=\"https://wakelet.com/@MTemnycky\">διαπιστευμένος ελεύθερος δημοσιογράφος</a> που καλύπτει τις υποθέσεις της Ευρασίας και ένας <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">μη μόνιμος συνεργάτης</a> στο Κέντρο Ευρασίας του Atlantic Council.</p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> </span></p>",
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                key:"summary": string:"<I>Αυτός ο χειμώνας φυσικά θέτει μια σειρά προκλήσεων για την Ουκρανία καθώς συνεχίζει τον αγώνα της κατά της εισβολής της Μόσχας. Πράγματι, οι συνθήκες κατά τη διάρκεια των προηγούμενων δύο χειμώνων μόνο επιδείνωσαν τα προβλήματα στην πρώτη γραμμή. Παρά ταύτα, τα προβλήματα που σχετίζονται με τις υποδομές μπορεί να κάνουν τους επόμενους μήνες ιδιαίτερα δύσκολους για το Κίεβο.</I>",
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                key:"title": string:"Ist die Energieinfrastruktur der Ukraine bereit für den bevorstehenden Winter?",
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                key:"content": string:"<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Während die Russen ihre umfassende Invasion der Ukraine fortsetzen, steht eine weitere Krise bevor. Laut mehreren Nachrichtenagenturen ist die Energieinfrastruktur der Ukraine möglicherweise nicht bereit für den bevorstehenden Winter.</span></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">In einem aktuellen Bericht erklärte das Think Tank Royal United Services Institute </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/bracing-hardest-winter-protecting-ukraines-energy-infrastructure\">dass</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> die Ukrainer sich auf ihren “schwierigsten Winter” vorbereiten. In der Zwischenzeit berichtete die Associated Press </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-energy-russia-airstrikes-greenpeace-1dfe7e60d4f9291f1196afda1a19373a\">dass</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> die Ukraine ihren “schwierigsten Winter aufgrund intensiver russischer Angriffe auf die Energieinfrastruktur” erleben wird.</span></p>\n<p>Es gibt mehrere Gründe, um Alarm über den Zustand der Energieinfrastruktur der Ukraine zu schlagen. Während Europa sich dem kommenden Winter nähert, befindet sich der Energiesektor der Ukraine in Gefahr. Als die umfassende Invasion Russlands im Februar 2024 begann, <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984l87l2w6o\">eroberten und kontrollierten</a> die Russen das <a href=\"https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/04/europes-largest-nuclear-plant-shuts-down-after-a-russian-attack\">Zaporizhzhia</a> Kernkraftwerk (ZNPP), einen großen Energieanbieter in der Ukraine. Nach diesen Ereignissen <a href=\"https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/one-year-on-russia-continues-ecological-warfare-in-ukraine\">beschossen</a> die Russen das ZNPP. Dies alarmierte die Vereinten Nationen, die Internationale Atomenergie-Organisation und die Nuklearenergie-Agentur.</p>\n<p>Darüber hinaus haben die Russen zahlreiche thermische Kraftwerke in der Ukraine <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/europe/russia-ukraine-nuclear-zelensky-un-intl/index.html\">zerstört</a>. Die Russen haben auch die hydroelektrische Kapazität der Ukraine ins Visier genommen. Schließlich hat Russland zahlreiche Angriffe auf die ukrainischen Stromnetze <a href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/0904/russia-attack-ukrainian-electric-grid\">gestartet</a>.</p>\n<p>Diese Verwüstung hat erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die Energieinfrastruktur der Ukraine gehabt. Wenn die Ukrainer beschädigte oder zerstörte Energieanlagen vor dem Winter nicht reparieren können, werden sie in einer schwierigen Situation sein.</p>\n<p>Die Ukrainer haben kalte Winter erlebt, selbst als die Russen mit Kiews Energie- und Gasversorgung manipuliert haben. Aber mit dem ständigen Beschuss von Einrichtungen im Land befinden sich die Ukrainer in einer schwierigeren Lage.</p>\n<p>Seit der umfassenden russischen Invasion musste die Ukraine Energie sparen. Es gab <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">Berichte über Stromausfälle</a> in verschiedenen Regionen des Landes, um Wärme und Elektrizität zu sparen. Dieser Winter könnte brutaler werden, und die Bewohner müssen ihre Energie sparen, da geschätzt wird, dass Stromausfälle bis zu <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">20 Stunden pro Tag</a> erreichen könnten. Mit anderen Worten, der Wettlauf hat begonnen, damit die Ukraine sicherstellt, dass ihr Energiesektor bereit ist, einen weiteren harten Winter zu überstehen.</p>\n<p>Für die Ukraine sind diese Energiemängel nichts Neues. Vor der umfassenden Invasion im Jahr 2022 war die Ukraine russischen Angriffen auf ihren Energiesektor ausgesetzt. Zum Beispiel erlebten die Ukrainer im Dezember 2015 <a href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ir-alert-h-16-056-01\">Stromausfälle</a> mitten im Winter. Es wurde bald entdeckt, dass Russland einen Cyberangriff auf die Energieinfrastruktur der Ukraine gestartet hatte. Tausende von Ukrainern waren vorübergehend ohne Strom. Dann, im Jahr 2016, <a href=\"https://jsis.washington.edu/news/cyberattack-critical-infrastructure-russia-ukrainian-power-grid-attacks/\">starteten</a> die Russen einen ähnlichen Cyberangriff, als sie mit Kiews Energieversorgung manipulierten. Seitdem sind russische Cyberangriffe auf die ukrainische Energieinfrastruktur zur Gewohnheit geworden.</p>\n<p>Diese Ereignisse haben der Ukraine geholfen, ihre Energieinfrastruktur zu stärken, und das Land hat seine Cyberabwehr verbessert. Aber diese Verbesserungen hatten gegen die Luftangriffe Russlands keine Chance. Seit 2022 haben die Ukrainer hart daran gearbeitet, die durch russische Raketenangriffe verursachten Probleme zu beheben, insbesondere während der Wintermonate.</p>\n<p>Die Ukraine hatte in den letzten beiden Wintern Erfolg, aber dieses Mal wird es anders sein. Bis heute haben russische Bombardierungen <a href=\"https://time.com/7008613/ukraine-russia-power-sector-frontline/#:~:text=Some%2060%25%20of%20Ukraine's%20power,reach%2020%20hours%20per%20day.\">60 Prozent</a> der Stromerzeugungskapazität der Ukraine zerstört. Darüber hinaus leidet die Ukraine unter den schlimmsten rollierenden Stromausfällen seit Beginn der umfassenden russischen Invasion im Februar 2022.</p>\n<p>Die Ukrainer arbeiten dringend daran, diese Bedenken zu adressieren. Eine Möglichkeit besteht darin, ihre beschädigten und zerstörten Energieanlagen <a href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/11/russia-attacks-ukraine-energy-infrastructure-power-plants-electricity/\">wieder aufzubauen</a>. Gleichzeitig haben andere <a href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/23/winter-and-the-bumpy-road-ahead-for-ukraine\">auf die Option</a> der Kernenergie zurückgegriffen, um die Stromversorgung des Landes in dieser kritischen Phase zu stabilisieren.</p>\n<p>Aber es gibt mehrere Herausforderungen mit diesen Ansätzen. Erstens fehlt der Ukraine ausreichende Luftabwehrsysteme und Munition, um sich <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/22/europe-struggles-to-strengthen-ukraine-s-air-defense-system_6669152_4.html\">gegen russische Angriffe zu verteidigen</a>. Dies lässt ihre Infrastruktur ungeschützt und kompliziert auch die Wiederaufbauanstrengungen. Darüber hinaus ist die Ukraine weiterhin russischen Bombardierungen ausgesetzt. Wenn die Ukraine ihre Energieinfrastruktur nicht vor den aktuellen und zukünftigen Angriffen Moskaus schützen kann, wären diese Wiederaufbauanstrengungen bedeutungslos. Schließlich würde diese Infrastruktur nur erneut bei einem russischen Angriff zerstört werden. Die Bedrohung von Angriffen auf diese Wiederaufbauanstrengungen erschwert es der Ukraine auch, durch Investitionen Geld für diese Wiederaufbauanstrengungen zu beschaffen.</p>\n<p>Diese Herausforderungen können nicht ignoriert werden. Die Ukrainer könnten jedoch Optionen haben, wie sie ihre Energieerzeugungskapazität vor dem Winter steigern können. Zum Beispiel könnte die Ukraine versuchen, ihre größere Netzinterkonnektivität zu verbessern. Als die russische Invasion der Ukraine <a href=\"https://euobserver.com/news/ar8ec3bccc\">begann</a>, “synchronisierten die Ukrainer <a href=\"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/2-years-ukraine-and-moldova-synchronised-electricity-grids-eu-2024-03-15_en\">ihre Stromnetze mit dem Kontinentalen Europäischen Netz. Dies hat der Ukraine geholfen, ihr ‘<a href=\"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/37851\">Stromsystem zu stabilisieren</a>’.” Es hat auch die Abhängigkeit des Energiesektors der Ukraine von Russland verringert. Die Verfolgung anderer Wege, um die Verbindungen zur russischen Energie zu kappen und gleichzeitig die Integration mit Europa zu stärken, könnte effektiv sein.</p>\n<p>Zweitens könnten dezentrale Energiesysteme den Energieproblemen der Ukraine helfen. Zum Beispiel würde der Bau von <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">dezentralisierten Energiequellen</a> die Energieinfrastruktur der Ukraine weniger anfällig für russische Angriffe machen. Lokale Gemeinden haben <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">kleine Gasturbinen eingesetzt</a>, um Häuser, Krankenhäuser und wichtige Dienstleistungen mit Strom zu versorgen. Während dies eine vorübergehende Lösung für die Ukraine ist, um sich auf den bevorstehenden Winter vorzubereiten, müssen die Ukrainer mit Energieexperten zusammenarbeiten, um eine langfristige Lösung zu entwickeln.</p>\n<p>Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass die Ukraine gegen die Zeit ankämpft, um sich auf einen potenziell düsteren Winter vorzubereiten. Die Priorisierung der Widerstandsfähigkeit der Energieinfrastruktur der Ukraine ist entscheidend. Die ukrainische Regierung muss Maßnahmen ergreifen, um sicherzustellen, dass die Energieanforderungen im ganzen Land erfüllt werden. Dazu sollte die Härtung kritischer Energieanlagen gegen Cyberangriffe und physische Bedrohungen sowie die Entwicklung von Notfallplänen für eine schnelle Stromwiederherstellung im Falle von Störungen gehören. Die Bewältigung dieser Probleme wird den Ukrainern helfen, sich auf den bevorstehenden brutalen und düsteren Winter vorzubereiten. Andernfalls könnte die Ukraine leiden.</p>\n<p><strong>Mark Temnycky</strong> ist ein <a href=\"https://wakelet.com/@MTemnycky\">akkreditierter freiberuflicher Journalist</a>, der sich mit eurasischen Angelegenheiten beschäftigt, und ein <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">nicht ansässiger Fellow</a> am Atlantic Council Eurasia Center.</p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> </span></p>",
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                key:"summary": string:"<I>Dieser Winter stellt natürlich eine Reihe von Herausforderungen für die Ukraine dar, während sie weiterhin gegen die Invasion Moskaus kämpft. Tatsächlich haben die Bedingungen in den letzten beiden Wintern die Probleme an der Front nur verschärft. Trotz alledem könnten Probleme im Zusammenhang mit der Infrastruktur die kommenden Monate besonders schwierig für Kiew machen.</I>",
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                key:"title": string:"¿Está lista la infraestructura energética de Ucrania para el próximo invierno?",
                key:"uid": string:"73bd64fa-4957-4b2b-91ad-8a14786a5711",
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                key:"content": string:"<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">A medida que los rusos continúan su invasión a gran escala de Ucrania, otra crisis se avecina. Según varios medios de comunicación, la infraestructura energética de Ucrania puede no estar lista para el próximo invierno.</span></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">En un informe reciente, el grupo de expertos Royal United Services Institute </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/bracing-hardest-winter-protecting-ukraines-energy-infrastructure\">afirmó</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> que los ucranianos están “preparándose para [su] invierno más duro”. Mientras tanto, la Associated Press </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-energy-russia-airstrikes-greenpeace-1dfe7e60d4f9291f1196afda1a19373a\">dijo</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> que Ucrania enfrentará su “invierno más duro debido a los ataques rusos intensificados a la infraestructura energética”.</span></p>\n<p>Hay varias razones para encender la alarma sobre el estado de la infraestructura energética de Ucrania. A medida que Europa se acerca al próximo invierno, el sector energético de Ucrania se encuentra en riesgo. Cuando comenzó la invasión a gran escala de Rusia en febrero de 2024, los rusos <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984l87l2w6o\">capturaron y controlaron</a> la <a href=\"https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/04/europes-largest-nuclear-plant-shuts-down-after-a-russian-attack\">Central Nuclear de Zaporizhzhia</a> (ZNPP), un gran proveedor de energía en Ucrania. Tras estos eventos, los rusos <a href=\"https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/one-year-on-russia-continues-ecological-warfare-in-ukraine\">bombardearon</a> la ZNPP. Esto alarmó a las Naciones Unidas, a la Agencia Internacional de Energía Atómica y a la Agencia de Energía Nuclear.</p>\n<p>Además, los rusos han <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/europe/russia-ukraine-nuclear-zelensky-un-intl/index.html\">destruido</a> numerosas plantas de energía térmica en toda Ucrania. Los rusos también han atacado la capacidad hidroeléctrica de Ucrania. Finalmente, Rusia ha <a href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/0904/russia-attack-ukrainian-electric-grid\">lanzado</a> numerosos ataques a las redes eléctricas ucranianas.</p>\n<p>Esta devastación ha tenido un costo significativo en la infraestructura energética de Ucrania. Si los ucranianos no pueden reparar las instalaciones energéticas dañadas o destruidas antes del invierno, entonces se encontrarán en una situación difícil.</p>\n<p>Los ucranianos han lidiado con inviernos fríos incluso cuando los rusos han manipulado los suministros de energía y gas de Kyiv. Pero con el constante bombardeo de instalaciones en el país, los ucranianos se han encontrado en una situación más difícil.</p>\n<p>Desde la invasión a gran escala de Rusia, Ucrania ha tenido que conservar energía. Ha habido <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">informes de cortes de energía</a> en varias regiones del país para conservar calor y electricidad. Este invierno puede ser más brutal, y los residentes necesitarán conservar su energía ya que se estima que los cortes de energía podrían alcanzar hasta <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">20 horas por día</a>. En otras palabras, la carrera está en marcha para que Ucrania asegure que su sector energético esté preparado para sobrevivir otro invierno duro.</p>\n<p>Para Ucrania, estos riesgos energéticos no son nada nuevo. Antes de la invasión a gran escala en 2022, los ucranianos fueron objeto de ataques rusos a su sector energético. Por ejemplo, en 2015, los ucranianos <a href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ir-alert-h-16-056-01\">experimentaron cortes de energía</a> en pleno invierno en diciembre de 2015. Pronto se descubrió que Rusia había lanzado un ciberataque a la infraestructura energética de Ucrania. Miles de ucranianos quedaron temporalmente sin electricidad. Luego, en 2016, los rusos <a href=\"https://jsis.washington.edu/news/cyberattack-critical-infrastructure-russia-ukrainian-power-grid-attacks/\">lanzaron</a> un ciberataque similar cuando manipularon los suministros de energía de Kyiv. Desde entonces, los ciberataques rusos a la infraestructura energética ucraniana se han vuelto comunes.</p>\n<p>Estos eventos han ayudado a Ucrania a fortalecer su infraestructura energética, y el país ha mejorado sus defensas cibernéticas. Pero estas mejoras no tuvieron oportunidad contra los bombardeos aéreos de Rusia. Desde 2022, los ucranianos han trabajado arduamente para tratar de abordar los problemas causados por los ataques con misiles rusos, especialmente durante los meses de invierno.</p>\n<p>Ucrania tuvo éxito durante los dos inviernos anteriores, pero esta vez será diferente. Hasta la fecha, los bombardeos rusos han <a href=\"https://time.com/7008613/ukraine-russia-power-sector-frontline/#:~:text=Some%2060%25%20of%20Ukraine's%20power,reach%2020%20hours%20per%20day.\">destruido</a> el 60 por ciento de la capacidad de generación de energía de Ucrania. Además, Ucrania está soportando sus peores cortes de energía desde el inicio de la invasión a gran escala de Rusia en febrero de 2022.</p>\n<p>Los ucranianos están trabajando urgentemente para abordar estas preocupaciones. Una opción es <a href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/11/russia-attacks-ukraine-energy-infrastructure-power-plants-electricity/\">reconstruir</a> sus instalaciones energéticas dañadas y destruidas. Al mismo tiempo, otros han <a href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/23/winter-and-the-bumpy-road-ahead-for-ukraine\">optado</a> por la opción de la energía nuclear para estabilizar el suministro de energía del país durante este período crítico.</p>\n<p>Pero hay varios desafíos con estos enfoques. Primero, Ucrania carece de sistemas y municiones antiaéreas suficientes para <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/22/europe-struggles-to-strengthen-ukraine-s-air-defense-system_6669152_4.html\">defenderse</a> de los ataques rusos. Esto deja su infraestructura expuesta y también complica los esfuerzos de reconstrucción. Además, Ucrania sigue siendo objeto de bombardeos rusos. Si Ucrania no puede proteger su infraestructura energética de los ataques actuales y futuros de Moscú, entonces estos esfuerzos de reconstrucción serían inútiles. Después de todo, esta infraestructura solo sería destruida nuevamente en un ataque ruso. La amenaza de ataques a estos esfuerzos de reconstrucción también dificulta que Ucrania recaude dinero a través de inversiones para estos esfuerzos de reconstrucción.</p>\n<p>Estos desafíos no pueden ser ignorados. Sin embargo, los ucranianos pueden tener opciones sobre cómo aumentar su capacidad de generación de energía antes del invierno. Por ejemplo, Ucrania podría buscar mejorar su mayor interconectividad de la red eléctrica. Cuando comenzó la invasión rusa de Ucrania <a href=\"https://euobserver.com/news/ar8ec3bccc\">“los ucranianos <a href=\"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/2-years-ukraine-and-moldova-synchronised-electricity-grids-eu-2024-03-15_en\">sincronizaron</a> sus redes eléctricas con la Red Europea Continental. Esto ha ayudado a Ucrania a ‘<a href=\"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/37851\">estabilizar su sistema eléctrico</a>’.” También ha hecho que el sector energético de Ucrania sea menos dependiente de Rusia. Buscar otras vías para cortar lazos con la energía rusa mientras se fortalece la integración con Europa podría ser efectivo.</p>\n<p>En segundo lugar, los sistemas de energía descentralizados pueden ayudar a los problemas energéticos de Ucrania. Por ejemplo, construir <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">fuentes de energía descentralizadas</a> haría que la infraestructura energética ucraniana fuera menos susceptible a los ataques rusos. Los municipios locales han <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">desplegado</a> pequeñas turbinas de gas para alimentar hogares, hospitales y servicios esenciales. Si bien esta es una solución temporal para que Ucrania se prepare para el próximo invierno, los ucranianos necesitarán trabajar con expertos en energía para establecer una solución a largo plazo.</p>\n<p>En resumen, Ucrania está contra el tiempo para prepararse para un invierno potencialmente sombrío. Priorizar la resiliencia de la infraestructura energética de Ucrania es esencial. El gobierno ucraniano debe tomar medidas para garantizar que se satisfagan las demandas energéticas en todo el país. Esto debería incluir fortalecer las instalaciones energéticas críticas contra ciberataques y amenazas físicas, así como desarrollar planes de contingencia para la rápida restauración de la energía en caso de interrupciones. Abordar estos problemas ayudará a los ucranianos a prepararse para el próximo invierno brutal y sombrío. De lo contrario, Ucrania podría sufrir.</p>\n<p><strong>Mark Temnycky</strong> es un <a href=\"https://wakelet.com/@MTemnycky\">periodista freelance acreditado</a> que cubre asuntos euroasiáticos y un <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">becario no residente</a> en el Centro Eurasia del Atlantic Council.</p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> </span></p>",
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                key:"summary": string:"<I>Este invierno naturalmente plantea una serie de desafíos para Ucrania mientras continúa su lucha contra la invasión de Moscú. De hecho, las condiciones durante los dos inviernos anteriores solo agravaron los problemas en la línea del frente. A pesar de esto, los problemas relacionados con la infraestructura pueden hacer que los próximos meses sean especialmente difíciles para Kyiv.</I>",
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            {
                key:"title": string:"Is Ukraine’s energy infrastructure ready for the upcoming winter?",
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                key:"content": string:"<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">As the Russians continue their full-scale invasion of Ukraine, another crisis is afoot. According to several news outlets, Ukraine’s energy infrastructure may not be ready for the upcoming winter.</span></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">In a recent report, the Royal United Services Institute think tank </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/bracing-hardest-winter-protecting-ukraines-energy-infrastructure\">stated</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> that the Ukrainians are “bracing for [their] hardest winter”. Meanwhile, the Associated Press </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-energy-russia-airstrikes-greenpeace-1dfe7e60d4f9291f1196afda1a19373a\">said</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> that Ukraine will face its “hardest winter due to intensified Russian attacks on energy infrastructure”.</span></p>\n<p>There are several reasons to raise the alarm about the state of Ukraine’s energy infrastructure. As Europe approaches the coming winter, Ukraine’s energy sector finds itself at risk. When Russia’s full-scale invasion began in February 2024, the Russians <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984l87l2w6o\">captured and controlled</a> the <a href=\"https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/04/europes-largest-nuclear-plant-shuts-down-after-a-russian-attack\">Zaporizhzhia</a> Nuclear Power Plant (ZNPP), a large energy provider in Ukraine. Following these events, the Russians <a href=\"https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/one-year-on-russia-continues-ecological-warfare-in-ukraine\">shelled</a> the ZNPP. This alarmed the United Nations, the International Atomic Energy Agency, and the Nuclear Energy Agency.</p>\n<p>Furthermore, the Russians have <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/europe/russia-ukraine-nuclear-zelensky-un-intl/index.html\">destroyed</a> numerous thermal power plants across Ukraine. The Russians have also targeted Ukraine’s hydroelectric capacity. Finally, Russia has <a href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/0904/russia-attack-ukrainian-electric-grid\">launched</a> numerous strikes on Ukrainian power grids.</p>\n<p>This devastation has taken a significant toll on Ukraine’s energy infrastructure. If the Ukrainians cannot repair damaged or destroyed energy facilities ahead of the winter, then they will be in a challenging situation.</p>\n<p>The Ukrainians have dealt with cold winters even when the Russians have tampered with Kyiv’s energy and gas supplies. But with the constant shelling of facilities in the country, the Ukrainians have found themselves in a more difficult situation.</p>\n<p>Since the Russian full-scale invasion, Ukraine has had to conserve energy. There have been <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">reports of blackouts</a> in various regions across the country to conserve heat and electricity. This winter may be more brutal, and residents will need to conserve their energy as it is estimated that blackouts could reach up to <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">20 hours per day</a>. In other words, the race is on for Ukraine to ensure that its energy sector is prepared to make it through another harsh winter.</p>\n<p>For Ukraine, these energy risks are nothing new. Prior to the full-scale invasion in 2022, the Ukrainians were subjected to Russian attacks on their energy sector. For example, in 2015, the Ukrainians <a href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ir-alert-h-16-056-01\">experienced power outages</a> in the dead of winter in December 2015. It was soon discovered that Russia had launched a cyber-attack on Ukraine’s energy infrastructure. Thousands of Ukrainians were temporarily left without power. Then, in 2016, the Russians <a href=\"https://jsis.washington.edu/news/cyberattack-critical-infrastructure-russia-ukrainian-power-grid-attacks/\">launched</a> a similar cyber-attack when they tampered with Kyiv’s energy supplies. Since then, Russian cyber-attacks on Ukrainian energy infrastructure have become common.</p>\n<p>These events have helped Ukraine strengthen its energy infrastructure, and the country has enhanced its cyber defences. But these improvements did not stand a chance against Russia’s aerial bombardments. Since 2022, the Ukrainians have worked hard to try and address the issues caused by Russian missile strikes, especially during the winter months.</p>\n<p>Ukraine previously succeeded during the previous two winters, but this time will be different. To date, Russian bombardments have <a href=\"https://time.com/7008613/ukraine-russia-power-sector-frontline/#:~:text=Some%2060%25%20of%20Ukraine's%20power,reach%2020%20hours%20per%20day.\">destroyed</a> 60 per cent of Ukraine’s power generation capacity. Furthermore, Ukraine is enduring its worst rolling blackouts since the start of the Russian full-scale invasion in February 2022.</p>\n<p>Ukrainians are working urgently to address these concerns. One option is to <a href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/11/russia-attacks-ukraine-energy-infrastructure-power-plants-electricity/\">rebuild</a> their damaged and destroyed energy facilities. At the same time, others have <a href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/23/winter-and-the-bumpy-road-ahead-for-ukraine\">turned</a> to the option of nuclear energy to stabilize the country’s power supply during this critical period.</p>\n<p>But there are several challenges with these approaches. First, Ukraine lacks sufficient anti-aircraft systems and ammunition to <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/22/europe-struggles-to-strengthen-ukraine-s-air-defense-system_6669152_4.html\">defend itself</a> against Russian attacks. This leaves its infrastructure exposed and it also complicates reconstruction efforts. Furthermore, Ukraine is still subjected to Russian bombardments. If Ukraine is unable to protect its energy infrastructure from Moscow’s current and future attacks, then these reconstruction efforts would be meaningless. After all, this infrastructure would only be destroyed again in a Russian attack. The threat of attacks on these rebuilding efforts also makes it difficult for Ukraine to raise money through investments for these reconstruction efforts.</p>\n<p>These challenges cannot be ignored. However, the Ukrainians may have options on how to boost their energy-generating capacity ahead of winter. For example, Ukraine could seek to enhance its greater power grid interconnectivity. When the Russian invasion of Ukraine <a href=\"https://euobserver.com/news/ar8ec3bccc\">began</a>, “the Ukrainians <a href=\"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/2-years-ukraine-and-moldova-synchronised-electricity-grids-eu-2024-03-15_en\">synchronised</a> their electricity grids with the Continental European Network. This has helped Ukraine ‘<a href=\"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/37851\">stabilise its electricity system</a>’.” It has also made Ukraine’s energy sector less reliant on Russia. Pursuing other avenues to cut ties with Russian energy while strengthening integration with Europe could be effective.</p>\n<p>Second, decentralized energy systems may help Ukraine’s energy issues. For example, constructing <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">decentralized energy sources</a> would make Ukrainian energy infrastructure less susceptible to Russian attacks. Local municipalities have <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">deployed</a> small gas turbines to power homes, hospitals and essential services. While this is a temporary solution for Ukraine to prepare for the upcoming winter, the Ukrainians will need to work with energy experts to establish a long-term solution.</p>\n<p>In short, Ukraine is racing against time to prepare for a potentially bleak winter. Prioritizing the resilience of Ukraine’s energy infrastructure is essential. The Ukrainian government must take actions to ensure that energy demands are met across the country. This should include hardening critical energy facilities against cyber-attacks and physical threats, as well as developing contingency plans for rapid power restoration in the case of disruptions. Addressing these issues will help the Ukrainians prepare for the upcoming brutal and bleak winter. Otherwise, Ukraine may suffer.</p>\n<p><strong>Mark Temnycky</strong> is an <a href=\"https://wakelet.com/@MTemnycky\">accredited freelance journalist</a> covering Eurasian affairs and a <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">nonresident fellow</a> at the Atlantic Council Eurasia Center.</p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> </span></p>",
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                key:"summary": string:"<I>This winter naturally poses a raft of challenges for Ukraine as it continues its fight against Moscow’s invasion. Indeed, conditions during the previous two winters only exacerbated issues on the front line. Despite this, problems related to infrastructure may make the coming months especially difficult for Kyiv.</I>",
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            {
                key:"title": string:"Техническая инфраструктура Украины готова к предстоящей зиме?",
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            {
                key:"title": string:"Ukrajna energia-infrastruktúrája készen áll a közelgő télre?",
                key:"uid": string:"82a988d9-392a-478e-9996-c3235af09f57",
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                key:"content": string:"<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Miközben az oroszok folytatják teljes körű inváziójukat Ukrajna ellen, egy újabb válság van kialakulóban. Számos hírforrás szerint Ukrajna energia-infrastruktúrája nem biztos, hogy felkészült a közelgő télre.</span></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Egy nemrégiben készült jelentésben a Royal United Services Institute agytröszt </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/bracing-hardest-winter-protecting-ukraines-energy-infrastructure\">megállapította</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">, hogy az ukránok “felkészülnek a [legnehezebb] télükre”. Eközben az Associated Press </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-energy-russia-airstrikes-greenpeace-1dfe7e60d4f9291f1196afda1a19373a\">közölte</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">, hogy Ukrajna “a fokozódó orosz támadások miatt a legnehezebb tél elé néz az energia-infrastruktúrára”.</span></p>\n<p>Számos ok van arra, hogy riasztást adjunk Ukrajna energia-infrastruktúrájának állapotáról. Ahogy Európa közeledik a közelgő télhez, Ukrajna energia szektora kockázatnak van kitéve. Amikor Oroszország teljes körű inváziója 2024 februárjában megkezdődött, az oroszok <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984l87l2w6o\">megszerezték és ellenőrizték</a> a <a href=\"https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/04/europes-largest-nuclear-plant-shuts-down-after-a-russian-attack\">Zaporizzsjai</a> Atomerőművet (ZNPP), amely Ukrajna egyik legnagyobb energiaellátója. Ezt követően az oroszok <a href=\"https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/one-year-on-russia-continues-ecological-warfare-in-ukraine\">tüzelték</a> a ZNPP-t. Ez aggodalmat keltett az Egyesült Nemzetek Szervezete, a Nemzetközi Atomenergia Ügynökség és a Nukleáris Energia Ügynökség körében.</p>\n<p>Továbbá, az oroszok <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/europe/russia-ukraine-nuclear-zelensky-un-intl/index.html\">számos</a> hőerőművet megsemmisítettek Ukrajnában. Az oroszok célba vették Ukrajna vízenergia-kapacitását is. Végül Oroszország <a href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/0904/russia-attack-ukrainian-electric-grid\">több</a> támadást indított az ukrán elektromos hálózatok ellen.</p>\n<p>Ez a pusztítás jelentős hatással volt Ukrajna energia-infrastruktúrájára. Ha az ukránok nem tudják helyreállítani a sérült vagy megsemmisült energia létesítményeket a tél előtt, akkor nehéz helyzetbe kerülnek.</p>\n<p>Az ukránok már korábban is megküzdöttek a hideg telekkel, még akkor is, amikor az oroszok beavatkoztak Kijev energia- és gázellátásába. De a folyamatos létesítmények bombázása miatt az ukránok nehezebb helyzetbe kerültek.</p>\n<p>Az orosz teljes körű invázió óta Ukrajnának energiatakarékosságra kellett berendezkednie. Számos <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">jelentés érkezett áramkimaradások</a>ról az ország különböző régióiban a hő és az áram megtakarítása érdekében. Ez a tél brutálisabb lehet, és a lakosoknak meg kell takarítaniuk az energiájukat, mivel becslések szerint az áramkimaradások akár <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">napi 20 órát</a> is elérhetnek. Más szavakkal, Ukrajnának sürgősen biztosítania kell, hogy energia szektora felkészült legyen, hogy átvészelje a következő kemény telet.</p>\n<p>Ukrajna számára ezek az energia kockázatok nem újak. A 2022-es teljes körű invázió előtt az ukránok orosz támadásoknak voltak kitéve az energia szektorukban. Például 2015-ben az ukránok <a href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ir-alert-h-16-056-01\">áramkimaradásokat</a> tapasztaltak a tél közepén, 2015 decemberében. Hamarosan kiderült, hogy Oroszország kibertámadást indított Ukrajna energia-infrastruktúrája ellen. Ezrek maradtak átmenetileg áram nélkül. Aztán 2016-ban az oroszok <a href=\"https://jsis.washington.edu/news/cyberattack-critical-infrastructure-russia-ukrainian-power-grid-attacks/\">hasonló</a> kibertámadást indítottak, amikor beavatkoztak Kijev energiaellátásába. Azóta az orosz kibertámadások az ukrán energia-infrastruktúra ellen általánossá váltak.</p>\n<p>Ezek az események segítettek Ukrajnának megerősíteni energia-infrastruktúráját, és az ország javította kibervédelmét. De ezek a fejlesztések nem álltak ellen Oroszország légi bombázásainak. 2022 óta az ukránok keményen dolgoztak, hogy kezeljék az orosz rakétatámadások által okozott problémákat, különösen a téli hónapokban.</p>\n<p>Ukrajna korábban sikeresen átvészelte az előző két telet, de ezúttal más lesz. Eddig az orosz bombázások <a href=\"https://time.com/7008613/ukraine-russia-power-sector-frontline/#:~:text=Some%2060%25%20of%20Ukraine's%20power,reach%2020%20hours%20per%20day.\">60%-át</a> megsemmisítették Ukrajna áramtermelési kapacitásának. Továbbá, Ukrajna a legrosszabb gördülő áramkimaradásokkal néz szembe a 2022 februárjában kezdődött orosz teljes körű invázió óta.</p>\n<p>Az ukránok sürgősen dolgoznak ezen aggályok kezelésén. Az egyik lehetőség az, hogy <a href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/11/russia-attacks-ukraine-energy-infrastructure-power-plants-electricity/\">újjáépítik</a> a sérült és megsemmisült energia létesítményeiket. Ugyanakkor mások <a href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/23/winter-and-the-bumpy-road-ahead-for-ukraine\">a nukleáris energia</a> lehetőségére fordultak, hogy stabilizálják az ország áramellátását ebben a kritikus időszakban.</p>\n<p>De ezekkel a megközelítésekkel számos kihívás is jár. Először is, Ukrajna nem rendelkezik elegendő légvédelmi rendszerrel és lőszerekkel, hogy <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/22/europe-struggles-to-strengthen-ukraine-s-air-defense-system_6669152_4.html\">megvédje magát</a> az orosz támadásoktól. Ez kitettséget jelent az infrastruktúrájának, és bonyolítja a helyreállítási erőfeszítéseket is. Továbbá, Ukrajna továbbra is orosz bombázásoknak van kitéve. Ha Ukrajna nem képes megvédeni energia-infrastruktúráját Moszkva jelenlegi és jövőbeli támadásaival szemben, akkor ezek a helyreállítási erőfeszítések értelmetlenek lennének. Végül is, ezt az infrastruktúrát csak újra megsemmisítenék egy orosz támadás során. A támadások fenyegetése ezekre a helyreállítási erőfeszítésekre szintén megnehezíti Ukrajna számára, hogy pénzt gyűjtsön befektetéseken keresztül.</p>\n<p>Ezeket a kihívásokat nem lehet figyelmen kívül hagyni. Azonban az ukránoknak lehetőségeik lehetnek arra, hogy növeljék energia-termelési kapacitásukat a tél előtt. Például Ukrajna törekedhet arra, hogy fokozza a nagyobb elektromos hálózati összekapcsoltságát. Amikor az orosz invázió Ukrajna ellen <a href=\"https://euobserver.com/news/ar8ec3bccc\">megkezdődött</a>, “az ukránok <a href=\"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/2-years-ukraine-and-moldova-synchronised-electricity-grids-eu-2024-03-15_en\">szinkronizálták</a> elektromos hálózataikat a Kontinentális Európai Hálózattal. Ez segített Ukrajnának ‘<a href=\"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/37851\">stabilizálni az elektromos rendszerét</a>’.” Ez szintén csökkentette Ukrajna energia szektorának orosz függőségét. Más lehetőségek keresése az orosz energiával való kapcsolatok megszüntetésére, miközben erősítik az integrációt Európával, hatékony lehet.</p>\n<p>Másodszor, a decentralizált energia rendszerek segíthetnek Ukrajna energia problémáin. Például decentralizált energiaforrások <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">építése</a> csökkentené az ukrán energia-infrastruktúra orosz támadásokkal szembeni sebezhetőségét. Helyi önkormányzatok <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">telepítettek</a> kis gázturbinákat, hogy áramot biztosítsanak otthonoknak, kórházaknak és alapvető szolgáltatásoknak. Míg ez egy ideiglenes megoldás Ukrajna számára a közelgő télre való felkészüléshez, az ukránoknak együtt kell működniük energia szakértőkkel, hogy hosszú távú megoldást találjanak.</p>\n<p>Röviden, Ukrajna az idővel versenyez, hogy felkészüljön egy potenciálisan zord télre. Az ukrán energia-infrastruktúra ellenállóságának prioritása elengedhetetlen. Az ukrán kormánynak lépéseket kell tennie annak érdekében, hogy az energiaigényeket az ország minden részén kielégítsék. Ennek magában kell foglalnia a kritikus energia létesítmények megerősítését a kibertámadások és fizikai fenyegetések ellen, valamint a gyors áram-visszaállítási terv kidolgozását zavarok esetén. E problémák kezelése segít az ukránoknak felkészülni a közelgő brutális és zord télre. Ellenkező esetben Ukrajna szenvedhet.</p>\n<p><strong>Mark Temnycky</strong> egy <a href=\"https://wakelet.com/@MTemnycky\">akkreditált szabadúszó újságíró</a>, aki eurázsiai ügyekkel foglalkozik, és egy <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">nem rezidens munkatárs</a> az Atlantic Council Eurázsiai Központjában.</p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> </span></p>",
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                key:"summary": string:"<I>Ez a tél természetesen számos kihívást jelent Ukrajna számára, miközben folytatja harcát Moszkva inváziója ellen. Valójában az előző két tél körülményei csak súlyosbították a frontvonalon lévő problémákat. Ennek ellenére az infrastruktúrával kapcsolatos problémák különösen nehézzé tehetik a következő hónapokat Kijev számára.</I>",
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            {
                key:"title": string:"Onko Ukrainan energiarakenne valmis tulevaan talveen?",
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                key:"content": string:"<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Kun venäläiset jatkavat täysimittaista hyökkäystään Ukrainaan, toinen kriisi on käsillä. Useiden uutislähteiden mukaan Ukrainan energiarakenne ei ehkä ole valmis tulevaan talveen.</span></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Äskettäin julkaistussa raportissa Royal United Services Institute -ajatushautomo </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/bracing-hardest-winter-protecting-ukraines-energy-infrastructure\">totesi</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">, että ukrainalaiset ovat “valmistautumassa [heidän] vaikeimpaan talveensa”. Samaan aikaan Associated Press </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-energy-russia-airstrikes-greenpeace-1dfe7e60d4f9291f1196afda1a19373a\">kertoi</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">, että Ukraina kohtaa “vaikeimman talven venäläisten energiarakenteeseen kohdistuvien hyökkäysten vuoksi”.</span></p>\n<p>On useita syitä nostaa hälytys Ukrainan energiarakenteen tilasta. Kun Eurooppa lähestyy tulevaa talvea, Ukrainan energiateollisuus on vaarassa. Kun Venäjän täysimittainen hyökkäys alkoi helmikuussa 2024, venäläiset <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984l87l2w6o\">valtasivat ja hallitsivat</a> <a href=\"https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/04/europes-largest-nuclear-plant-shuts-down-after-a-russian-attack\">Zaporizhzhian</a> ydinvoimalan (ZNPP), joka on suuri energian tuottaja Ukrainassa. Näiden tapahtumien jälkeen venäläiset <a href=\"https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/one-year-on-russia-continues-ecological-warfare-in-ukraine\">tuli</a> ZNPP:hen. Tämä herätti huolta Yhdistyneissä kansakunnissa, Kansainvälisessä atomienergia- ja ydinenergiajärjestössä.</p>\n<p>Lisäksi venäläiset ovat <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/europe/russia-ukraine-nuclear-zelensky-un-intl/index.html\">tuhoaneet</a> lukuisia lämpövoimaloita ympäri Ukrainaa. Venäläiset ovat myös kohdistaneet hyökkäyksiä Ukrainan vesivoimakapasiteettiin. Lopuksi Venäjä on <a href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/0904/russia-attack-ukrainian-electric-grid\">aloittanut</a> lukuisia iskuja Ukrainan sähköverkkoja vastaan.</p>\n<p>Tämä tuho on vaikuttanut merkittävästi Ukrainan energiarakenteeseen. Jos ukrainalaiset eivät pysty korjaamaan vaurioituneita tai tuhoutuneita energialaitoksia ennen talvea, he ovat vaikeassa tilanteessa.</p>\n<p>Ukrainalaiset ovat selviytyneet kylmistä talvista, vaikka venäläiset ovat sekoittaneet Kiovan energia- ja kaasutoimituksia. Mutta jatkuvan pommituksen vuoksi maan laitoksille ukrainalaiset ovat löytäneet itsensä vaikeammasta tilanteesta.</p>\n<p>Venäjän täysimittaisen hyökkäyksen jälkeen Ukraina on joutunut säästämään energiaa. On ollut <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">raportteja sähkökatkoista</a> eri alueilla ympäri maata lämmön ja sähkön säästämiseksi. Tämä talvi saattaa olla ankarampi, ja asukkaiden on säästettävä energiaa, sillä arvioiden mukaan sähkökatkot voivat kestää jopa <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">20 tuntia päivässä</a>. Toisin sanoen kilpailu on käynnissä Ukrainan varmistamiseksi, että sen energiateollisuus on valmis selviytymään toisesta ankarasta talvesta.</p>\n<p>Ukrainalle nämä energiariskit eivät ole mitään uutta. Ennen täysimittaista hyökkäystä vuonna 2022 ukrainalaiset olivat venäläisten hyökkäysten kohteena energiateollisuudessaan. Esimerkiksi vuonna 2015 ukrainalaiset <a href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ir-alert-h-16-056-01\">kokivat sähkökatkoja</a> talven keskellä joulukuussa 2015. Pian havaittiin, että Venäjä oli käynnistänyt kyberhyökkäyksen Ukrainan energiarakenteeseen. Tuhannet ukrainalaiset jäivät tilapäisesti ilman sähköä. Sitten vuonna 2016 venäläiset <a href=\"https://jsis.washington.edu/news/cyberattack-critical-infrastructure-russia-ukrainian-power-grid-attacks/\">aloittivat</a> samanlaisen kyberhyökkäyksen, kun he sekoittivat Kiovan energialähteitä. Siitä lähtien venäläiset kyberhyökkäykset Ukrainan energiarakenteeseen ovat tulleet tavallisiksi.</p>\n<p>Nämä tapahtumat ovat auttaneet Ukrainaa vahvistamaan energiarakennettaan, ja maa on parantanut kyberpuolustustaan. Mutta nämä parannukset eivät kestäneet Venäjän ilmaiskuja vastaan. Vuodesta 2022 lähtien ukrainalaiset ovat työskennelleet ahkerasti yrittäessään ratkaista venäläisten ohjusiskujen aiheuttamia ongelmia, erityisesti talvikuukausina.</p>\n<p>Ukraina onnistui aiemmin edellisinä kahtena talvena, mutta tällä kertaa on toisin. Tähän mennessä venäläiset pommitukset ovat <a href=\"https://time.com/7008613/ukraine-russia-power-sector-frontline/#:~:text=Some%2060%25%20of%20Ukraine's%20power,reach%2020%20hours%20per%20day.\">tuhoaneet</a> 60 prosenttia Ukrainan sähköntuotantokapasiteetista. Lisäksi Ukraina kärsii pahimmista vuorottelusähkönkatkoista sitten Venäjän täysimittaisen hyökkäyksen alkamisen helmikuussa 2022.</p>\n<p>Ukrainalaiset työskentelevät kiireellisesti näiden huolien ratkaisemiseksi. Yksi vaihtoehto on <a href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/11/russia-attacks-ukraine-energy-infrastructure-power-plants-electricity/\">uudelleenrakentaa</a> vaurioituneet ja tuhoutuneet energialaitokset. Samaan aikaan toiset ovat <a href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/23/winter-and-the-bumpy-road-ahead-for-ukraine\">kääntyneet</a> ydinenergian vaihtoehdon puoleen vakauttaakseen maan sähköntoimitusta tänä kriittisenä aikana.</p>\n<p>Mutta näissä lähestymistavoissa on useita haasteita. Ensinnäkin Ukrainalta puuttuu riittävästi ilmatorjuntajärjestelmiä ja ammuksia <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/22/europe-struggles-to-strengthen-ukraine-s-air-defense-system_6669152_4.html\">puolustautuakseen</a> venäläisten hyökkäyksiltä. Tämä altistaa sen infrastruktuurin ja vaikeuttaa myös jälleenrakennusyrityksiä. Lisäksi Ukraina on edelleen venäläisten pommitusten kohteena. Jos Ukraina ei pysty suojelemaan energiarakennettaan Moskovan nykyisiltä ja tulevilta hyökkäyksiltä, niin nämä jälleenrakennusyritykset olisivat merkityksettömiä. Loppujen lopuksi tämä infrastruktuuri tuhotaan vain uudelleen venäläisessä hyökkäyksessä. Hyökkäyksen uhka näitä jälleenrakennusyrityksiä kohtaan tekee myös vaikeaksi Ukrainalle kerätä varoja investoinneista näihin jälleenrakennusyrityksiin.</p>\n<p>Näitä haasteita ei voi sivuuttaa. Kuitenkin ukrainalaisilla saattaa olla vaihtoehtoja energian tuottamiskyvyn lisäämiseksi ennen talvea. Esimerkiksi Ukraina voisi pyrkiä parantamaan suurempaa sähköverkkoyhteyksien välistä yhteyttä. Kun Venäjän hyökkäys Ukrainaan <a href=\"https://euobserver.com/news/ar8ec3bccc\">alkoi</a>, “ukrainalaiset <a href=\"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/2-years-ukraine-and-moldova-synchronised-electricity-grids-eu-2024-03-15_en\">synkronisoivat</a> sähköverkkojaan mantereisen Euroopan verkon kanssa. Tämä on auttanut Ukrainaa ‘<a href=\"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/37851\">vakauttamaan sähköjärjestelmänsä</a>’.” Se on myös vähentänyt Ukrainan energiateollisuuden riippuvuutta Venäjästä. Muiden keinojen etsiminen venäläisestä energiasta irtautumiseksi samalla kun vahvistetaan integraatiota Euroopan kanssa voisi olla tehokasta.</p>\n<p>Toiseksi, hajautetut energiajärjestelmät voivat auttaa Ukrainan energiateollisuuden ongelmissa. Esimerkiksi <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">hajautettujen energialähteiden</a> rakentaminen tekisi Ukrainan energiarakenteesta vähemmän alttiin venäläisten hyökkäyksille. Paikalliset kunnalliset hallinnot ovat <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">ottaneet käyttöön</a> pieniä kaasuturbiineja kotien, sairaaloiden ja välttämättömien palveluiden voiman tuottamiseksi. Vaikka tämä on tilapäinen ratkaisu Ukrainalle valmistautua tulevaan talveen, ukrainalaisten on työskenneltävä energian asiantuntijoiden kanssa pitkän aikavälin ratkaisun löytämiseksi.</p>\n<p>Lyhyesti sanottuna Ukraina kilpailee aikaa vastaan valmistautuakseen mahdollisesti synkkään talveen. Ukrainan energiarakenteen kestävyyden priorisoiminen on välttämätöntä. Ukrainan hallituksen on toteutettava toimenpiteitä varmistaakseen, että energian kysyntä täytetään koko maassa. Tämä tulisi sisältää kriittisten energialaitosten suojaamisen kyberhyökkäyksiltä ja fyysisiltä uhkilta sekä kehittää varasuunnitelmia nopeaa sähköntoimituksen palauttamista varten häiriötilanteissa. Näiden ongelmien ratkaiseminen auttaa ukrainalaisia valmistautumaan tulevaan ankaraan ja synkkään talveen. Muuten Ukraina saattaa kärsiä.</p>\n<p><strong>Mark Temnycky</strong> on <a href=\"https://wakelet.com/@MTemnycky\">akkreditoitu freelance-toimittaja</a>, joka katsoo Euraasian asioita ja on <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">ei-asuinpaikkansa tutkija</a> Atlantic Councilin Euraasia-keskuksessa.</p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> </span></p>",
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                key:"subtitle": null:null,
                key:"summary": string:"<I>Tämä talvi tuo luonnollisesti mukanaan joukon haasteita Ukrainalle, kun se jatkaa taisteluaan Moskovan hyökkäystä vastaan. Itse asiassa edellisten kahden talven olosuhteet vain pahensivat ongelmia etulinjalla. Tästä huolimatta infrastruktuuriin liittyvät ongelmat saattavat tehdä tulevista kuukausista erityisen vaikeita Kiovalle.</I>",
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                key:"title": string:"Je li energetska infrastruktura Ukrajine spremna za nadolazeću zimu?",
                key:"uid": string:"96017630-f4fc-44a5-a8bc-c5ec36c8d65b",
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                key:"content": string:"<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Dok Rusi nastavljaju svoju punu invaziju na Ukrajinu, nova kriza je na pomolu. Prema nekoliko novinskih izvora, energetska infrastruktura Ukrajine možda nije spremna za nadolazeću zimu.</span></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">U nedavnom izvještaju, think tank Royal United Services Institute </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/bracing-hardest-winter-protecting-ukraines-energy-infrastructure\">izjavio</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> da se Ukrajinci “pripremaju za [svoju] najtežu zimu”. U međuvremenu, Associated Press </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-energy-russia-airstrikes-greenpeace-1dfe7e60d4f9291f1196afda1a19373a\">rekao</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> da će Ukrajina doživjeti svoju “najtežu zimu zbog pojačanih ruskih napada na energetsku infrastrukturu”.</span></p>\n<p>Postoji nekoliko razloga za uzbunu zbog stanja energetske infrastrukture Ukrajine. Kako se Europa približava nadolazećoj zimi, energetski sektor Ukrajine nalazi se u opasnosti. Kada je puna invazija Rusije započela u veljači 2024., Rusi su <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984l87l2w6o\">zauzeli i kontrolirali</a> <a href=\"https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/04/europes-largest-nuclear-plant-shuts-down-after-a-russian-attack\">Nuklearnu elektranu Zaporizhzhia</a> (ZNPP), velikog dobavljača energije u Ukrajini. Nakon tih događaja, Rusi su <a href=\"https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/one-year-on-russia-continues-ecological-warfare-in-ukraine\">granatirali</a> ZNPP. To je alarmiralo Ujedinjene narode, Međunarodnu agenciju za atomsku energiju i Agenciju za nuklearnu energiju.</p>\n<p>Nadalje, Rusi su <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/europe/russia-ukraine-nuclear-zelensky-un-intl/index.html\">uništili</a> brojne termoelektrane širom Ukrajine. Rusi su također ciljali hidroelektričnu kapacitet Ukrajine. Na kraju, Rusija je <a href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/0904/russia-attack-ukrainian-electric-grid\">izvela</a> brojne napade na ukrajinske elektroenergetske mreže.</p>\n<p>Ova devastacija imala je značajan utjecaj na energetsku infrastrukturu Ukrajine. Ako Ukrajinci ne mogu popraviti oštećene ili uništene energetske objekte prije zime, bit će u teškoj situaciji.</p>\n<p>Ukrajinci su se nosili s hladnim zimama čak i kada su Rusi ometali opskrbu energijom i plinom u Kijevu. No, s konstantnim granatiranjem objekata u zemlji, Ukrajinci su se našli u težoj situaciji.</p>\n<p>Od punog opsega ruske invazije, Ukrajina je morala štedjeti energiju. Bilo je <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">izvještaja o isključenjima struje</a> u raznim regijama širom zemlje kako bi se sačuvala toplina i električna energija. Ova zima bi mogla biti brutalnija, a stanovnici će morati štedjeti energiju jer se procjenjuje da bi isključenja mogla doseći do <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">20 sati dnevno</a>.&nbsp>Drugim riječima, utrka je počela za Ukrajinu da osigura da njen energetski sektor bude spreman za još jednu tešku zimu.</p>\n<p>Za Ukrajinu, ovi energetski rizici nisu ništa novo. Prije pune invazije 2022. godine, Ukrajinci su bili podvrgnuti ruskim napadima na svoj energetski sektor. Na primjer, 2015. godine, Ukrajinci su <a href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ir-alert-h-16-056-01\">iskusili isključenja struje</a> usred zime u prosincu 2015. godine. Ubrzo je otkriveno da je Rusija pokrenula cyber-napad na energetsku infrastrukturu Ukrajine. Tisuće Ukrajinaca privremeno je ostalo bez struje. Zatim, 2016. godine, Rusi su <a href=\"https://jsis.washington.edu/news/cyberattack-critical-infrastructure-russia-ukrainian-power-grid-attacks/\">izveli</a> sličan cyber-napad kada su ometali opskrbu energijom u Kijevu. Od tada su ruski cyber-napadi na ukrajinsku energetsku infrastrukturu postali uobičajeni.</p>\n<p>Ovi događaji pomogli su Ukrajini da ojača svoju energetsku infrastrukturu, a zemlja je poboljšala svoje cyber obrane. No, ova poboljšanja nisu imala šanse protiv ruskih zračnih bombardiranja. Od 2022. godine, Ukrajinci su naporno radili na rješavanju problema uzrokovanih ruskim raketnim napadima, posebno tijekom zimskih mjeseci.</p>\n<p>Ukrajina je prethodno uspjela tijekom prethodne dvije zime, ali ovaj put će biti drugačije. Do danas, ruska bombardiranja su <a href=\"https://time.com/7008613/ukraine-russia-power-sector-frontline/#:~:text=Some%2060%25%20of%20Ukraine's%20power,reach%2020%20hours%20per%20day.\">uništila</a> 60 posto kapaciteta proizvodnje struje Ukrajine. Nadalje, Ukrajina trpi svoja najgora isključenja struje od početka ruske pune invazije u veljači 2022.</p>\n<p>Ukrajinci hitno rade na rješavanju ovih problema. Jedna opcija je <a href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/11/russia-attacks-ukraine-energy-infrastructure-power-plants-electricity/\">obnova</a> njihovih oštećenih i uništenih energetskih objekata. U isto vrijeme, drugi su <a href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/23/winter-and-the-bumpy-road-ahead-for-ukraine\">okrenuli</a> se opciji nuklearne energije kako bi stabilizirali opskrbu strujom zemlje tijekom ovog kritičnog razdoblja.</p>\n<p>No, postoje nekoliko izazova s ovim pristupima. Prvo, Ukrajina nema dovoljno protuzračnih sustava i municije da se <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/22/europe-struggles-to-strengthen-ukraine-s-air-defense-system_6669152_4.html\">obrani</a> od ruskih napada. To ostavlja njezinu infrastrukturu izloženu i također komplicira napore obnove. Nadalje, Ukrajina je još uvijek podložna ruskim bombardiranjima. Ako Ukrajina ne bude mogla zaštititi svoju energetsku infrastrukturu od trenutnih i budućih napada Moskve, tada bi ovi napori obnove bili besmisleni. Na kraju, ova infrastruktura bi ponovno bila uništena u ruskom napadu. Prijetnja napada na ove napore obnove također otežava Ukrajini prikupljanje novca kroz investicije za ove napore obnove.</p>\n<p>Ovi izazovi se ne mogu ignorirati. Međutim, Ukrajinci možda imaju opcije kako povećati svoju kapacitet za proizvodnju energije prije zime. Na primjer, Ukrajina bi mogla nastojati poboljšati svoju veću međusobnu povezanost elektroenergetskih mreža. Kada je ruska invazija na Ukrajinu <a href=\"https://euobserver.com/news/ar8ec3bccc\">započela</a>, “Ukrajinci su <a href=\"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/2-years-ukraine-and-moldova-synchronised-electricity-grids-eu-2024-03-15_en\">sinkronizirali</a> svoje elektroenergetske mreže s Kontinentalnom europskom mrežom. To je pomoglo Ukrajini da ‘<a href=\"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/37851\">stabilizira svoj elektroenergetski sustav</a>’.” Također je učinilo energetski sektor Ukrajine manje ovisnim o Rusiji. Istraživanje drugih puteva za prekid veza s ruskom energijom dok se jača integracija s Europom moglo bi biti učinkovito.</p>\n<p>Drugo, decentralizirani energetski sustavi mogli bi pomoći u rješavanju energetskih problema Ukrajine. Na primjer, izgradnja <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">decentraliziranih izvora energije</a> učinila bi ukrajinsku energetsku infrastrukturu manje podložnom ruskim napadima. Lokalna općina su <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">postavila</a> male plinske turbine za napajanje kuća, bolnica i osnovnih usluga. Iako je ovo privremeno rješenje za Ukrajinu da se pripremi za nadolazeću zimu, Ukrajinci će morati surađivati s energetskim stručnjacima kako bi uspostavili dugoročno rješenje.</p>\n<p>Ukratko, Ukrajina se utrkuje s vremenom kako bi se pripremila za potencijalno mračnu zimu. Prioritiziranje otpornosti energetske infrastrukture Ukrajine je od suštinskog značaja. Ukrajinska vlada mora poduzeti mjere kako bi osigurala da energetske potrebe budu zadovoljene širom zemlje. To bi trebalo uključivati jačanje kritičnih energetskih objekata protiv cyber-napada i fizičkih prijetnji, kao i razvijanje planova za hitnu obnovu struje u slučaju prekida. Rješavanje ovih problema pomoći će Ukrajincima da se pripreme za nadolazeću brutalnu i mračnu zimu. Inače, Ukrajina bi mogla patiti.</p>\n<p><strong>Mark Temnycky</strong> je <a href=\"https://wakelet.com/@MTemnycky\">acreditirani slobodni novinar</a> koji pokriva euroazijske poslove i <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">nerezidentni suradnik</a> u Atlantic Council Eurasia Center.</p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> </span></p>",
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                key:"summary": string:"<I>Ova zima prirodno postavlja niz izazova za Ukrajinu dok nastavlja svoju borbu protiv moskovske invazije. Naime, uvjeti tijekom prethodne dvije zime samo su pogoršali probleme na frontu. Unatoč tome, problemi vezani uz infrastrukturu mogli bi učiniti nadolazeće mjesece posebno teškim za Kijev.</I>",
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                key:"title": string:"Ukrayna'nın enerji altyapısı yaklaşan kışa hazır mı?",
                key:"uid": string:"a1d3fa9c-7bc8-4986-bae9-2a5738ef6c63",
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                key:"content": string:"<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Ruslar, Ukrayna'ya yönelik tam ölçekli işgallerine devam ederken, başka bir kriz kapıda. Birçok haber kaynağına göre, Ukrayna'nın enerji altyapısı yaklaşan kış için hazır olmayabilir.</span></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Son bir raporda, Royal United Services Institute düşünce kuruluşu </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/bracing-hardest-winter-protecting-ukraines-energy-infrastructure\">belirtti</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> ki Ukraynalılar “en zor kışlarına hazırlanıyorlar”. Bu arada, Associated Press </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-energy-russia-airstrikes-greenpeace-1dfe7e60d4f9291f1196afda1a19373a\">dedi</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> ki Ukrayna, enerji altyapısına yönelik yoğun Rus saldırıları nedeniyle “en zor kışı” yaşayacak.</span></p>\n<p>Ukrayna'nın enerji altyapısının durumu hakkında alarm vermek için birkaç neden var. Avrupa yaklaşan kışa yaklaşırken, Ukrayna'nın enerji sektörü risk altında. Rusya'nın tam ölçekli işgali Şubat 2024'te başladığında, Ruslar <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984l87l2w6o\">Zaporizhzhia</a> Nükleer Santrali'ni (ZNPP) <a href=\"https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/04/europes-largest-nuclear-plant-shuts-down-after-a-russian-attack\">ele geçirdi ve kontrol altına aldı</a>, bu Ukrayna'daki büyük enerji sağlayıcısıydı. Bu olayların ardından, Ruslar ZNPP'yi <a href=\"https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/one-year-on-russia-continues-ecological-warfare-in-ukraine\">bombardıman etti</a>. Bu durum Birleşmiş Milletler, Uluslararası Atom Enerjisi Ajansı ve Nükleer Enerji Ajansı'nı endişelendirdi.</p>\n<p>Ayrıca, Ruslar Ukrayna genelinde birçok termal santrali <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/europe/russia-ukraine-nuclear-zelensky-un-intl/index.html\">yıktı</a>. Ruslar ayrıca Ukrayna'nın hidroelektrik kapasitesini de hedef aldı. Son olarak, Rusya, Ukrayna enerji şebekelerine <a href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/0904/russia-attack-ukrainian-electric-grid\">birçok saldırı düzenledi</a>.</p>\n<p>Bu yıkım, Ukrayna'nın enerji altyapısı üzerinde önemli bir etki yarattı. Ukraynalılar, kış gelmeden hasar görmüş veya yok olmuş enerji tesislerini onaramazlarsa, zor bir durumla karşı karşıya kalacaklar.</p>\n<p>Ukraynalılar, Rusların Kyiv'in enerji ve gaz arzlarıyla oynadığı zamanlarda bile soğuk kışlarla başa çıkmak zorunda kaldılar. Ancak, ülkedeki tesislerin sürekli bombalanmasıyla, Ukraynalılar daha zor bir durumla karşı karşıya kaldılar.</p>\n<p>Rusların tam ölçekli işgali başladığından beri, Ukrayna enerji tasarrufu yapmak zorunda kaldı. Ülkede ısı ve elektriği korumak için çeşitli bölgelerde <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">kesintiler</a> olduğuna dair raporlar var. Bu kış daha sert geçebilir ve sakinlerin enerji tasarrufu yapmaları gerekecek, çünkü kesintilerin günde <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">20 saate kadar</a> ulaşabileceği tahmin ediliyor. Diğer bir deyişle, Ukrayna'nın enerji sektörünün bir başka sert kışı atlatmak için hazır olmasını sağlamak için zamanla yarışıyor.</p>\n<p>Ukrayna için bu enerji riskleri yeni değil. 2022'deki tam ölçekli işgaldan önce, Ukraynalılar enerji sektörlerine yönelik Rus saldırılarına maruz kaldılar. Örneğin, 2015'te Ukraynalılar, Aralık 2015'te kışın ortasında <a href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ir-alert-h-16-056-01\">elektrik kesintileri</a> yaşadılar. Kısa süre içinde Rusya'nın Ukrayna'nın enerji altyapısına siber saldırı düzenlediği keşfedildi. Binlerce Ukraynalı geçici olarak elektriksiz kaldı. Ardından, 2016'da Ruslar, Kyiv'in enerji arzlarıyla oynayarak <a href=\"https://jsis.washington.edu/news/cyberattack-critical-infrastructure-russia-ukrainian-power-grid-attacks/\">benzer bir siber saldırı düzenlediler</a>. O zamandan beri, Rus siber saldırıları Ukrayna enerji altyapısına karşı yaygın hale geldi.</p>\n<p>Bu olaylar, Ukrayna'nın enerji altyapısını güçlendirmesine yardımcı oldu ve ülke siber savunmalarını geliştirdi. Ancak bu iyileştirmeler, Rusya'nın hava bombardımanlarına karşı bir şans bulamadı. 2022'den bu yana, Ukraynalılar, özellikle kış aylarında Rus füze saldırılarının neden olduğu sorunları çözmek için çok çalıştılar.</p>\n<p>Ukrayna, önceki iki kışta başarılı oldu, ancak bu sefer farklı olacak. Bugüne kadar, Rus bombardımanları <a href=\"https://time.com/7008613/ukraine-russia-power-sector-frontline/#:~:text=Some%2060%25%20of%20Ukraine's%20power,reach%2020%20hours%20per%20day.\">Ukrayna'nın enerji üretim kapasitesinin %60'ını yok etti</a>. Ayrıca, Ukrayna, Şubat 2022'de Rusya'nın tam ölçekli işgalinin başlangıcından bu yana en kötü kesintileri yaşıyor.</p>\n<p>Ukraynalılar bu endişeleri acilen ele almak için çalışıyorlar. Bir seçenek, <a href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/11/russia-attacks-ukraine-energy-infrastructure-power-plants-electricity/\">hasar görmüş ve yok olmuş enerji tesislerini yeniden inşa etmek</a>. Aynı zamanda, diğerleri, bu kritik dönemde ülkenin enerji arzını istikrara kavuşturmak için <a href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/23/winter-and-the-bumpy-road-ahead-for-ukraine\">nükleer enerji seçeneğine yöneldi</a>.</p>\n<p>Ancak bu yaklaşımlarla ilgili birkaç zorluk var. Öncelikle, Ukrayna, Rus saldırılarına karşı <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/22/europe-struggles-to-strengthen-ukraine-s-air-defense-system_6669152_4.html\">kendini savunmak için yeterli hava savunma sistemleri ve mühimmata sahip değil</a>. Bu, altyapısını savunmasız bırakıyor ve yeniden inşa çabalarını da karmaşık hale getiriyor. Ayrıca, Ukrayna hala Rus bombardımanlarına maruz kalıyor. Eğer Ukrayna, enerji altyapısını Moskova'nın mevcut ve gelecekteki saldırılarından koruyamazsa, bu yeniden inşa çabaları anlamsız hale gelecektir. Sonuçta, bu altyapı yalnızca bir Rus saldırısında tekrar yok edilecektir. Bu yeniden inşa çabalarına yönelik saldırı tehdidi de, Ukrayna'nın bu yeniden inşa çabaları için yatırım yoluyla para toplamasını zorlaştırıyor.</p>\n<p>Bu zorluklar göz ardı edilemez. Ancak, Ukraynalılar kış öncesinde enerji üretim kapasitelerini artırmak için seçeneklere sahip olabilirler. Örneğin, Ukrayna, daha büyük enerji şebekesi bağlantılarını artırmayı hedefleyebilir. Rusya'nın Ukrayna'yı <a href=\"https://euobserver.com/news/ar8ec3bccc\">işgali başladığında</a>, “Ukraynalılar <a href=\"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/2-years-ukraine-and-moldova-synchronised-electricity-grids-eu-2024-03-15_en\">elektrik şebekelerini Kıtasal Avrupa Ağı ile senkronize ettiler</a>. Bu, Ukrayna'nın ‘<a href=\"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/37851\">elektrik sistemini istikrara kavuşturmasına</a>’ yardımcı oldu.” Ayrıca, Ukrayna'nın enerji sektörü Rusya'ya daha az bağımlı hale geldi. Rus enerji ile bağları keserken Avrupa ile entegrasyonu güçlendirmek için diğer yolları izlemek etkili olabilir.</p>\n<p>İkincisi, merkezi olmayan enerji sistemleri, Ukrayna'nın enerji sorunlarına yardımcı olabilir. Örneğin, <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">merkezi olmayan enerji kaynakları</a> inşa etmek, Ukrayna enerji altyapısını Rus saldırılarına karşı daha az hassas hale getirecektir. Yerel belediyeler, evleri, hastaneleri ve temel hizmetleri güçlendirmek için <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">küçük gaz türbinleri dağıttı</a>. Bu, Ukrayna'nın yaklaşan kışa hazırlık için geçici bir çözüm olsa da, Ukraynalıların uzun vadeli bir çözüm oluşturmak için enerji uzmanlarıyla çalışmaları gerekecek.</p>\n<p>Kısacası, Ukrayna, potansiyel olarak karamsar bir kışa hazırlık için zamanla yarışıyor. Ukrayna'nın enerji altyapısının dayanıklılığını önceliklendirmek esastır. Ukrayna hükümeti, ülke genelinde enerji taleplerinin karşılandığından emin olmak için önlemler almalıdır. Bu, kritik enerji tesislerini siber saldırılara ve fiziksel tehditlere karşı güçlendirmeyi ve kesintiler durumunda hızlı enerji restorasyonu için acil durum planları geliştirmeyi içermelidir. Bu sorunların ele alınması, Ukraynalıların yaklaşan sert ve karamsar kışa hazırlanmalarına yardımcı olacaktır. Aksi takdirde, Ukrayna zarar görebilir.</p>\n<p><strong>Mark Temnycky</strong> bir <a href=\"https://wakelet.com/@MTemnycky\">akredite serbest gazeteci</a> olup Avrasya meselelerini kapsamaktadır ve aynı zamanda <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">Atlantik Konseyi Avrasya Merkezi'nde</a> <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">yabancı bir araştırmacıdır</a>.</p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> </span></p>",
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                key:"summary": string:"<I>Bu kış, Ukrayna'nın Moskova'nın işgaline karşı mücadelesini sürdürdüğü için doğal olarak bir dizi zorlukla karşı karşıya kalıyor. Gerçekten de, önceki iki kıştaki koşullar cephedeki sorunları yalnızca artırdı. Buna rağmen, altyapıyla ilgili sorunlar, önümüzdeki ayları Kyiv için özellikle zor hale getirebilir.</I>",
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                key:"title": string:"È pronta l'infrastruttura energetica dell'Ucraina per l'imminente inverno?",
                key:"uid": string:"b95f0f8f-7217-4fb4-9f1e-09ba4abec076",
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                key:"content": string:"<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Mentre i russi continuano la loro invasione su larga scala dell'Ucraina, un'altra crisi è in corso. Secondo diversi organi di informazione, l'infrastruttura energetica dell'Ucraina potrebbe non essere pronta per l'inverno imminente.</span></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">In un recente rapporto, il think tank Royal United Services Institute </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/bracing-hardest-winter-protecting-ukraines-energy-infrastructure\">ha dichiarato</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> che gli ucraini si stanno “preparando per [il loro] inverno più difficile”. Nel frattempo, l'Associated Press </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-energy-russia-airstrikes-greenpeace-1dfe7e60d4f9291f1196afda1a19373a\">ha detto</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> che l'Ucraina affronterà il suo “inverno più difficile a causa degli attacchi russi intensificati sull'infrastruttura energetica”.</span></p>\n<p>Ci sono diverse ragioni per lanciare l'allerta sullo stato dell'infrastruttura energetica dell'Ucraina. Mentre l'Europa si avvicina all'inverno imminente, il settore energetico dell'Ucraina si trova a rischio. Quando l'invasione su larga scala della Russia è iniziata a febbraio 2024, i russi <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984l87l2w6o\">hanno catturato e controllato</a> la <a href=\"https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/04/europes-largest-nuclear-plant-shuts-down-after-a-russian-attack\">centrale nucleare di Zaporizhzhia</a> (ZNPP), un grande fornitore di energia in Ucraina. Dopo questi eventi, i russi <a href=\"https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/one-year-on-russia-continues-ecological-warfare-in-ukraine\">hanno bombardato</a> la ZNPP. Questo ha allarmato le Nazioni Unite, l'Agenzia Internazionale per l'Energia Atomica e l'Agenzia per l'Energia Nucleare.</p>\n<p>Inoltre, i russi hanno <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/europe/russia-ukraine-nuclear-zelensky-un-intl/index.html\">distrutto</a> numerose centrali termiche in tutta l'Ucraina. I russi hanno anche preso di mira la capacità idroelettrica dell'Ucraina. Infine, la Russia ha <a href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/0904/russia-attack-ukrainian-electric-grid\">lanciato</a> numerosi attacchi sulle reti elettriche ucraine.</p>\n<p>Questa devastazione ha avuto un impatto significativo sull'infrastruttura energetica dell'Ucraina. Se gli ucraini non possono riparare le strutture energetiche danneggiate o distrutte prima dell'inverno, si troveranno in una situazione difficile.</p>\n<p>Gli ucraini hanno affrontato inverni freddi anche quando i russi hanno manomesso le forniture di energia e gas di Kyiv. Ma con il costante bombardamento delle strutture nel paese, gli ucraini si sono trovati in una situazione più difficile.</p>\n<p>Da quando è iniziata l'invasione su larga scala da parte della Russia, l'Ucraina ha dovuto conservare energia. Ci sono stati <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">rapporti di blackout</a> in varie regioni del paese per conservare calore ed elettricità. Questo inverno potrebbe essere più brutale, e i residenti dovranno conservare la loro energia poiché si stima che i blackout potrebbero arrivare fino a <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">20 ore al giorno</a>. In altre parole, la corsa è iniziata per l'Ucraina per garantire che il suo settore energetico sia pronto per affrontare un altro inverno rigido.</p>\n<p>Per l'Ucraina, questi rischi energetici non sono una novità. Prima dell'invasione su larga scala nel 2022, gli ucraini erano stati soggetti ad attacchi russi sul loro settore energetico. Ad esempio, nel 2015, gli ucraini <a href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ir-alert-h-16-056-01\">hanno subito interruzioni di corrente</a> nel bel mezzo dell'inverno nel dicembre 2015. Si scoprì presto che la Russia aveva lanciato un attacco informatico sull'infrastruttura energetica dell'Ucraina. Migliaia di ucraini furono temporaneamente lasciati senza energia. Poi, nel 2016, i russi <a href=\"https://jsis.washington.edu/news/cyberattack-critical-infrastructure-russia-ukrainian-power-grid-attacks/\">hanno lanciato</a> un attacco informatico simile quando hanno manomesso le forniture energetiche di Kyiv. Da allora, gli attacchi informatici russi sull'infrastruttura energetica ucraina sono diventati comuni.</p>\n<p>Questi eventi hanno aiutato l'Ucraina a rafforzare la sua infrastruttura energetica, e il paese ha migliorato le sue difese informatiche. Ma questi miglioramenti non hanno avuto alcuna possibilità contro i bombardamenti aerei russi. Dal 2022, gli ucraini hanno lavorato duramente per cercare di affrontare i problemi causati dagli attacchi missilistici russi, specialmente durante i mesi invernali.</p>\n<p>L'Ucraina ha avuto successo durante i due inverni precedenti, ma questa volta sarà diversa. Fino ad oggi, i bombardamenti russi hanno <a href=\"https://time.com/7008613/ukraine-russia-power-sector-frontline/#:~:text=Some%2060%25%20of%20Ukraine's%20power,reach%2020%20hours%20per%20day.\">distrutto</a> il 60% della capacità di generazione di energia dell'Ucraina. Inoltre, l'Ucraina sta subendo i suoi peggiori blackout rotativi dall'inizio dell'invasione su larga scala da parte della Russia nel febbraio 2022.</p>\n<p>Gli ucraini stanno lavorando urgentemente per affrontare queste preoccupazioni. Un'opzione è <a href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/11/russia-attacks-ukraine-energy-infrastructure-power-plants-electricity/\">ricostruire</a> le loro strutture energetiche danneggiate e distrutte. Allo stesso tempo, altri hanno <a href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/23/winter-and-the-bumpy-road-ahead-for-ukraine\">rivolto</a> la loro attenzione all'opzione dell'energia nucleare per stabilizzare l'approvvigionamento energetico del paese durante questo periodo critico.</p>\n<p>Ma ci sono diverse sfide con questi approcci. Prima di tutto, l'Ucraina manca di sistemi e munizioni antiaeree sufficienti per <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/22/europe-struggles-to-strengthen-ukraine-s-air-defense-system_6669152_4.html\">difendersi</a> dagli attacchi russi. Questo lascia la sua infrastruttura esposta e complica anche gli sforzi di ricostruzione. Inoltre, l'Ucraina è ancora soggetta ai bombardamenti russi. Se l'Ucraina non è in grado di proteggere la sua infrastruttura energetica dagli attacchi attuali e futuri di Mosca, allora questi sforzi di ricostruzione sarebbero privi di significato. Dopotutto, questa infrastruttura verrebbe solo distrutta di nuovo in un attacco russo. La minaccia di attacchi su questi sforzi di ricostruzione rende anche difficile per l'Ucraina raccogliere fondi attraverso investimenti per questi sforzi di ricostruzione.</p>\n<p>Queste sfide non possono essere ignorate. Tuttavia, gli ucraini potrebbero avere opzioni su come aumentare la loro capacità di generazione energetica prima dell'inverno. Ad esempio, l'Ucraina potrebbe cercare di migliorare la sua interconnessione della rete elettrica. Quando l'invasione russa dell'Ucraina <a href=\"https://euobserver.com/news/ar8ec3bccc\">è iniziata</a>, “gli ucraini <a href=\"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/2-years-ukraine-and-moldova-synchronised-electricity-grids-eu-2024-03-15_en\">hanno sincronizzato</a> le loro reti elettriche con la Rete Elettrica Europea Continentale. Questo ha aiutato l'Ucraina a ‘<a href=\"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/37851\">stabilizzare il suo sistema elettrico</a>’.” Ha anche reso il settore energetico dell'Ucraina meno dipendente dalla Russia. Perseguire altre strade per tagliare i legami con l'energia russa mentre si rafforza l'integrazione con l'Europa potrebbe essere efficace.</p>\n<p>In secondo luogo, i sistemi energetici decentralizzati potrebbero aiutare i problemi energetici dell'Ucraina. Ad esempio, costruire <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">fonti energetiche decentralizzate</a> renderebbe l'infrastruttura energetica ucraina meno suscettibile agli attacchi russi. I comuni locali hanno <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">distribuito</a> piccole turbine a gas per alimentare case, ospedali e servizi essenziali. Sebbene questa sia una soluzione temporanea per l'Ucraina per prepararsi all'inverno imminente, gli ucraini dovranno lavorare con esperti energetici per stabilire una soluzione a lungo termine.</p>\n<p>In breve, l'Ucraina sta correndo contro il tempo per prepararsi a un inverno potenzialmente cupo. Dare priorità alla resilienza dell'infrastruttura energetica dell'Ucraina è essenziale. Il governo ucraino deve adottare misure per garantire che le esigenze energetiche siano soddisfatte in tutto il paese. Questo dovrebbe includere il rafforzamento delle strutture energetiche critiche contro attacchi informatici e minacce fisiche, nonché lo sviluppo di piani di emergenza per un rapido ripristino dell'energia in caso di interruzioni. Affrontare queste questioni aiuterà gli ucraini a prepararsi per l'imminente inverno brutale e cupo. Altrimenti, l'Ucraina potrebbe soffrire.</p>\n<p><strong>Mark Temnycky</strong> è un <a href=\"https://wakelet.com/@MTemnycky\">giornalista freelance accreditato</a> che copre gli affari eurasiatici e un <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">fellows non residente</a> presso l'Atlantic Council Eurasia Center.</p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> </span></p>",
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                key:"summary": string:"<I>Questo inverno presenta naturalmente una serie di sfide per l'Ucraina mentre continua la sua lotta contro l'invasione di Mosca. Infatti, le condizioni durante i due inverni precedenti hanno solo aggravato i problemi al fronte. Nonostante ciò, i problemi legati all'infrastruttura potrebbero rendere i prossimi mesi particolarmente difficili per Kiev.</I>",
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                key:"title": string:"Czy infrastruktura energetyczna Ukrainy jest gotowa na nadchodzącą zimę?",
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                key:"content": string:"<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">W miarę jak Rosjanie kontynuują swoją pełnoskalową inwazję na Ukrainę, pojawia się kolejny kryzys. Według kilku agencji informacyjnych, ukraińska infrastruktura energetyczna może nie być gotowa na nadchodzącą zimę.</span></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">W niedawnym raporcie think tanku Royal United Services Institute </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/bracing-hardest-winter-protecting-ukraines-energy-infrastructure\">stwierdzono</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">, że Ukraińcy „przygotowują się na [swoją] najtrudniejszą zimę”. Tymczasem Associated Press </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-energy-russia-airstrikes-greenpeace-1dfe7e60d4f9291f1196afda1a19373a\">powiedziało</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">, że Ukraina będzie musiała zmierzyć się z „najtrudniejszą zimą z powodu zaostrzonych rosyjskich ataków na infrastrukturę energetyczną”.</span></p>\n<p>Istnieje kilka powodów, aby podnieść alarm w sprawie stanu ukraińskiej infrastruktury energetycznej. W miarę jak Europa zbliża się do nadchodzącej zimy, sektor energetyczny Ukrainy znajduje się w niebezpieczeństwie. Gdy pełnoskalowa inwazja Rosji rozpoczęła się w lutym 2024 roku, Rosjanie <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984l87l2w6o\">zdobyli i kontrolowali</a> <a href=\"https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/04/europes-largest-nuclear-plant-shuts-down-after-a-russian-attack\">Zaporoską</a> Elektrownię Jądrową (ZNPP), dużego dostawcę energii na Ukrainie. Po tych wydarzeniach Rosjanie <a href=\"https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/one-year-on-russia-continues-ecological-warfare-in-ukraine\">ostrzelali</a> ZNPP. To zaniepokoiło Organizację Narodów Zjednoczonych, Międzynarodową Agencję Energii Atomowej oraz Agencję Energii Nuklearnej.</p>\n<p>Co więcej, Rosjanie <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/europe/russia-ukraine-nuclear-zelensky-un-intl/index.html\">zniszczyli</a> liczne elektrownie cieplne w całej Ukrainie. Rosjanie również zaatakowali ukraińskie zdolności hydroelektryczne. Wreszcie, Rosja <a href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/0904/russia-attack-ukrainian-electric-grid\">przeprowadziła</a> liczne ataki na ukraińskie sieci energetyczne.</p>\n<p>Ta dewastacja miała znaczący wpływ na ukraińską infrastrukturę energetyczną. Jeśli Ukraińcy nie będą w stanie naprawić uszkodzonych lub zniszczonych obiektów energetycznych przed zimą, znajdą się w trudnej sytuacji.</p>\n<p>Ukraińcy radzili sobie z zimnymi zimami, nawet gdy Rosjanie manipulowali dostawami energii i gazu do Kijowa. Jednak w obliczu ciągłego ostrzału obiektów w kraju, Ukraińcy znaleźli się w trudniejszej sytuacji.</p>\n<p>Od czasu pełnoskalowej inwazji Rosji, Ukraina musiała oszczędzać energię. Pojawiły się <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">doniesienia o przerwach w dostawie prądu</a> w różnych regionach kraju w celu oszczędzania ciepła i energii elektrycznej. Ta zima może być bardziej brutalna, a mieszkańcy będą musieli oszczędzać energię, ponieważ szacuje się, że przerwy w dostawie prądu mogą sięgać nawet <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">20 godzin dziennie</a>. Innymi słowy, wyścig trwa, aby Ukraina zapewniła, że jej sektor energetyczny jest przygotowany na przetrwanie kolejnej surowej zimy.</p>\n<p>Dla Ukrainy te ryzyka energetyczne nie są niczym nowym. Przed pełnoskalową inwazją w 2022 roku, Ukraińcy byli narażeni na rosyjskie ataki na swój sektor energetyczny. Na przykład w 2015 roku Ukraińcy <a href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ir-alert-h-16-056-01\">doświadczyli przerw w dostawie prądu</a> w środku zimy w grudniu 2015 roku. Wkrótce odkryto, że Rosja przeprowadziła cyberatak na ukraińską infrastrukturę energetyczną. Tysiące Ukraińców zostało tymczasowo pozbawionych prądu. Następnie, w 2016 roku, Rosjanie <a href=\"https://jsis.washington.edu/news/cyberattack-critical-infrastructure-russia-ukrainian-power-grid-attacks/\">przeprowadzili</a> podobny cyberatak, gdy manipulowali dostawami energii do Kijowa. Od tego czasu rosyjskie cyberataki na ukraińską infrastrukturę energetyczną stały się powszechne.</p>\n<p>Te wydarzenia pomogły Ukrainie wzmocnić swoją infrastrukturę energetyczną, a kraj poprawił swoje cyberobrony. Jednak te ulepszenia nie miały szans w obliczu rosyjskich bombardowań powietrznych. Od 2022 roku Ukraińcy ciężko pracowali, aby spróbować rozwiązać problemy spowodowane rosyjskimi atakami rakietowymi, szczególnie w miesiącach zimowych.</p>\n<p>Ukraina wcześniej odnosiła sukcesy w poprzednich dwóch zimach, ale tym razem będzie inaczej. Do tej pory rosyjskie bombardowania <a href=\"https://time.com/7008613/ukraine-russia-power-sector-frontline/#:~:text=Some%2060%25%20of%20Ukraine's%20power,reach%2020%20hours%20per%20day.\">zniszczyły</a> 60 procent zdolności wytwarzania energii na Ukrainie. Co więcej, Ukraina doświadcza najgorszych przerw w dostawie prądu od początku pełnoskalowej inwazji Rosji w lutym 2022 roku.</p>\n<p>Ukraińcy pilnie pracują nad rozwiązaniem tych problemów. Jedną z opcji jest <a href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/11/russia-attacks-ukraine-energy-infrastructure-power-plants-electricity/\">odbudowa</a> uszkodzonych i zniszczonych obiektów energetycznych. W tym samym czasie inni <a href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/23/winter-and-the-bumpy-road-ahead-for-ukraine\">zwrócili się</a> ku opcji energii jądrowej, aby ustabilizować dostawy energii w kraju w tym krytycznym okresie.</p>\n<p>Jednak te podejścia napotykają kilka wyzwań. Po pierwsze, Ukraina nie ma wystarczających systemów obrony przeciwlotniczej i amunicji, aby <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/22/europe-struggles-to-strengthen-ukraine-s-air-defense-system_6669152_4.html\">bronić się</a> przed rosyjskimi atakami. To naraża jej infrastrukturę na niebezpieczeństwo i komplikuje wysiłki odbudowy. Co więcej, Ukraina nadal jest narażona na rosyjskie bombardowania. Jeśli Ukraina nie będzie w stanie chronić swojej infrastruktury energetycznej przed obecnymi i przyszłymi atakami Moskwy, to te wysiłki odbudowy będą bezsensowne. W końcu ta infrastruktura zostanie zniszczona ponownie w wyniku rosyjskiego ataku. Zagrożenie atakami na te wysiłki odbudowy również utrudnia Ukrainie pozyskiwanie funduszy na te wysiłki odbudowy.</p>\n<p>Te wyzwania nie mogą być ignorowane. Jednak Ukraińcy mogą mieć opcje, jak zwiększyć swoją zdolność wytwarzania energii przed zimą. Na przykład Ukraina mogłaby dążyć do zwiększenia większej interkoneksji swojej sieci energetycznej. Gdy rosyjska inwazja na Ukrainę <a href=\"https://euobserver.com/news/ar8ec3bccc\">rozpoczęła się</a>, „Ukraińcy <a href=\"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/2-years-ukraine-and-moldova-synchronised-electricity-grids-eu-2024-03-15_en\">zsynchronizowali</a> swoje sieci elektryczne z Kontynentalną Siecią Europejską. To pomogło Ukrainie ‘<a href=\"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/37851\">ustabilizować swój system elektryczny</a>’.” Uczyniło to również sektor energetyczny Ukrainy mniej zależnym od Rosji. Dążenie do innych dróg, aby zerwać więzi z rosyjską energią, jednocześnie wzmacniając integrację z Europą, może być skuteczne.</p>\n<p>Po drugie, zdecentralizowane systemy energetyczne mogą pomóc w rozwiązaniu problemów energetycznych Ukrainy. Na przykład budowa <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">zdecentralizowanych źródeł energii</a> uczyniłaby ukraińską infrastrukturę energetyczną mniej podatną na rosyjskie ataki. Lokalne gminy <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">wdrożyły</a> małe turbiny gazowe do zasilania domów, szpitali i usług niezbędnych. Chociaż jest to tymczasowe rozwiązanie, aby Ukraina mogła przygotować się na nadchodzącą zimę, Ukraińcy będą musieli współpracować z ekspertami ds. energii, aby opracować długoterminowe rozwiązanie.</p>\n<p>Krótko mówiąc, Ukraina ściga czas, aby przygotować się na potencjalnie ponurą zimę. Priorytetowe traktowanie odporności ukraińskiej infrastruktury energetycznej jest niezbędne. Rząd ukraiński musi podjąć działania, aby zapewnić, że zapotrzebowanie na energię jest zaspokajane w całym kraju. Powinno to obejmować wzmocnienie krytycznych obiektów energetycznych przed cyberatakami i zagrożeniami fizycznymi, a także opracowanie planów awaryjnych na szybkie przywrócenie energii w przypadku zakłóceń. Zajęcie się tymi kwestiami pomoże Ukraińcom przygotować się na nadchodzącą brutalną i ponurą zimę. W przeciwnym razie Ukraina może ucierpieć.</p>\n<p><strong>Mark Temnycky</strong> jest <a href=\"https://wakelet.com/@MTemnycky\">akredytowanym dziennikarzem freelancerem</a> zajmującym się sprawami eurazjatyckimi oraz <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">niedresidentem</a> w Atlantic Council Eurasia Center.</p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> </span></p>",
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                key:"summary": string:"<I>Ta zima naturalnie stawia szereg wyzwań przed Ukrainą, gdy kontynuuje swoją walkę przeciwko inwazji Moskwy. Rzeczywiście, warunki podczas poprzednich dwóch zim tylko pogłębiły problemy na linii frontu. Mimo to, problemy związane z infrastrukturą mogą sprawić, że nadchodzące miesiące będą szczególnie trudne dla Kijowa.</I>",
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                key:"title": string:"A infraestrutura de energia da Ucrânia está pronta para o próximo inverno?",
                key:"uid": string:"e19d5732-f8a2-4cc3-a6c7-18b6234c9f49",
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                key:"content": string:"<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">À medida que os russos continuam sua invasão em larga escala da Ucrânia, outra crise está em andamento. De acordo com vários meios de comunicação, a infraestrutura energética da Ucrânia pode não estar pronta para o próximo inverno.</span></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Em um relatório recente, o think tank Royal United Services Institute </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/bracing-hardest-winter-protecting-ukraines-energy-infrastructure\">afirmou</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> que os ucranianos estão “se preparando para [seu] inverno mais difícil”. Enquanto isso, a Associated Press </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-energy-russia-airstrikes-greenpeace-1dfe7e60d4f9291f1196afda1a19373a\">disse</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> que a Ucrânia enfrentará seu “inverno mais difícil devido aos ataques russos intensificados à infraestrutura energética”.</span></p>\n<p>Há várias razões para soar o alarme sobre o estado da infraestrutura energética da Ucrânia. À medida que a Europa se aproxima do próximo inverno, o setor energético da Ucrânia se encontra em risco. Quando a invasão em larga escala da Rússia começou em fevereiro de 2024, os russos <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984l87l2w6o\">capturaram e controlaram</a> a <a href=\"https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/04/europes-largest-nuclear-plant-shuts-down-after-a-russian-attack\">Usina Nuclear de Zaporizhzhia</a> (ZNPP), um grande fornecedor de energia na Ucrânia. Após esses eventos, os russos <a href=\"https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/one-year-on-russia-continues-ecological-warfare-in-ukraine\">bombardearam</a> a ZNPP. Isso alarmou as Nações Unidas, a Agência Internacional de Energia Atômica e a Agência de Energia Nuclear.</p>\n<p>Além disso, os russos <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/europe/russia-ukraine-nuclear-zelensky-un-intl/index.html\">destruíram</a> numerosas usinas termelétricas em toda a Ucrânia. Os russos também miraram na capacidade hidrelétrica da Ucrânia. Finalmente, a Rússia <a href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/0904/russia-attack-ukrainian-electric-grid\">lançou</a> numerosos ataques às redes elétricas ucranianas.</p>\n<p>Essa devastação teve um impacto significativo na infraestrutura energética da Ucrânia. Se os ucranianos não conseguirem reparar as instalações de energia danificadas ou destruídas antes do inverno, estarão em uma situação desafiadora.</p>\n<p>Os ucranianos enfrentaram invernos frios mesmo quando os russos interferiram nos suprimentos de energia e gás de Kyiv. Mas com o bombardeio constante de instalações no país, os ucranianos se encontraram em uma situação mais difícil.</p>\n<p>Desde a invasão em larga escala da Rússia, a Ucrânia teve que conservar energia. Houve <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">relatos de apagões</a> em várias regiões do país para conservar calor e eletricidade. Este inverno pode ser mais brutal, e os residentes precisarão conservar sua energia, pois estima-se que os apagões possam chegar a <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">20 horas por dia</a>. Em outras palavras, a corrida está em andamento para a Ucrânia garantir que seu setor energético esteja preparado para enfrentar mais um inverno rigoroso.</p>\n<p>Para a Ucrânia, esses riscos energéticos não são novidade. Antes da invasão em larga escala em 2022, os ucranianos foram submetidos a ataques russos em seu setor energético. Por exemplo, em 2015, os ucranianos <a href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ir-alert-h-16-056-01\">experimentaram cortes de energia</a> no meio do inverno em dezembro de 2015. Logo se descobriu que a Rússia havia lançado um ciberataque na infraestrutura energética da Ucrânia. Milhares de ucranianos ficaram temporariamente sem energia. Então, em 2016, os russos <a href=\"https://jsis.washington.edu/news/cyberattack-critical-infrastructure-russia-ukrainian-power-grid-attacks/\">lançaram</a> um ciberataque semelhante quando interferiram nos suprimentos de energia de Kyiv. Desde então, os ciberataques russos à infraestrutura energética ucraniana se tornaram comuns.</p>\n<p>Esses eventos ajudaram a Ucrânia a fortalecer sua infraestrutura energética, e o país aprimorou suas defesas cibernéticas. Mas essas melhorias não tiveram chance contra os bombardeios aéreos da Rússia. Desde 2022, os ucranianos trabalharam arduamente para tentar resolver os problemas causados pelos ataques de mísseis russos, especialmente durante os meses de inverno.</p>\n<p>A Ucrânia teve sucesso nos dois invernos anteriores, mas desta vez será diferente. Até agora, os bombardeios russos <a href=\"https://time.com/7008613/ukraine-russia-power-sector-frontline/#:~:text=Some%2060%25%20of%20Ukraine's%20power,reach%2020%20hours%20per%20day.\">destruíram</a> 60 por cento da capacidade de geração de energia da Ucrânia. Além disso, a Ucrânia está enfrentando seus piores apagões rotativos desde o início da invasão em larga escala da Rússia em fevereiro de 2022.</p>\n<p>Os ucranianos estão trabalhando urgentemente para abordar essas preocupações. Uma opção é <a href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/11/russia-attacks-ukraine-energy-infrastructure-power-plants-electricity/\">reconstruir</a> suas instalações de energia danificadas e destruídas. Ao mesmo tempo, outros <a href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/23/winter-and-the-bumpy-road-ahead-for-ukraine\">se voltaram</a> para a opção de energia nuclear para estabilizar o suprimento de energia do país durante este período crítico.</p>\n<p>Mas há vários desafios com essas abordagens. Primeiro, a Ucrânia carece de sistemas e munições antiaéreos suficientes para <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/22/europe-struggles-to-strengthen-ukraine-s-air-defense-system_6669152_4.html\">se defender</a> contra os ataques russos. Isso deixa sua infraestrutura exposta e também complica os esforços de reconstrução. Além disso, a Ucrânia ainda está sujeita a bombardeios russos. Se a Ucrânia não conseguir proteger sua infraestrutura energética dos ataques atuais e futuros de Moscou, esses esforços de reconstrução seriam inúteis. Afinal, essa infraestrutura seria destruída novamente em um ataque russo. A ameaça de ataques a esses esforços de reconstrução também dificulta a Ucrânia de arrecadar dinheiro por meio de investimentos para esses esforços de reconstrução.</p>\n<p>Esses desafios não podem ser ignorados. No entanto, os ucranianos podem ter opções sobre como aumentar sua capacidade de geração de energia antes do inverno. Por exemplo, a Ucrânia poderia buscar melhorar sua maior interconectividade da rede elétrica. Quando a invasão russa da Ucrânia <a href=\"https://euobserver.com/news/ar8ec3bccc\">começou</a>, “os ucranianos <a href=\"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/2-years-ukraine-and-moldova-synchronised-electricity-grids-eu-2024-03-15_en\">sincronizaram</a> suas redes elétricas com a Rede Europeia Continental. Isso ajudou a Ucrânia a ‘<a href=\"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/37851\">estabilizar seu sistema elétrico</a>’.” Também tornou o setor energético da Ucrânia menos dependente da Rússia. Buscar outras vias para cortar laços com a energia russa enquanto fortalece a integração com a Europa pode ser eficaz.</p>\n<p>Em segundo lugar, sistemas de energia descentralizados podem ajudar com os problemas energéticos da Ucrânia. Por exemplo, a construção de <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">fontes de energia descentralizadas</a> tornaria a infraestrutura energética ucraniana menos suscetível a ataques russos. Municípios locais <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">implantaram</a> pequenas turbinas a gás para abastecer casas, hospitais e serviços essenciais. Embora esta seja uma solução temporária para a Ucrânia se preparar para o próximo inverno, os ucranianos precisarão trabalhar com especialistas em energia para estabelecer uma solução de longo prazo.</p>\n<p>Em resumo, a Ucrânia está correndo contra o tempo para se preparar para um inverno potencialmente sombrio. Priorizar a resiliência da infraestrutura energética da Ucrânia é essencial. O governo ucraniano deve tomar medidas para garantir que as demandas de energia sejam atendidas em todo o país. Isso deve incluir o fortalecimento de instalações energéticas críticas contra ciberataques e ameaças físicas, bem como o desenvolvimento de planos de contingência para rápida restauração de energia em caso de interrupções. Abordar essas questões ajudará os ucranianos a se prepararem para o próximo inverno brutal e sombrio. Caso contrário, a Ucrânia pode sofrer.</p>\n<p><strong>Mark Temnycky</strong> é um <a href=\"https://wakelet.com/@MTemnycky\">jornalista freelancer credenciado</a> cobrindo assuntos da Eurásia e um <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">bolsista não residente</a> no Centro Eurásia do Atlantic Council.</p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> </span></p>",
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                key:"summary": string:"<I>Este inverno naturalmente apresenta uma série de desafios para a Ucrânia enquanto continua sua luta contra a invasão de Moscovo. De fato, as condições durante os dois invernos anteriores apenas exacerbaram os problemas na linha de frente. Apesar disso, problemas relacionados à infraestrutura podem tornar os próximos meses especialmente difíceis para Kyiv.</I>",
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                key:"title": string:"Je energetická infraštruktúra Ukrajiny pripravená na nadchádzajúcu zimu?",
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                key:"content": string:"<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">Keď Rusi pokračujú vo svojej plnohodnotnej invázii na Ukrajinu, ďalšia kríza je na obzore. Podľa viacerých spravodajských agentúr nemusí byť energetická infraštruktúra Ukrajiny pripravená na nadchádzajúcu zimu.</span></p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">V nedávnej správe think tanku Royal United Services Institute </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/bracing-hardest-winter-protecting-ukraines-energy-infrastructure\">uviedol</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">, že Ukrajinci sa “pripravujú na [ich] najťažšiu zimu”. Medzitým Associated Press </span><a style=\"font-size: inherit; background-color: #ffffff;\" href=\"https://apnews.com/article/ukraine-energy-russia-airstrikes-greenpeace-1dfe7e60d4f9291f1196afda1a19373a\">povedal</a><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">, že Ukrajina čelí “najťažšej zime kvôli zosilneným ruským útokom na energetickú infraštruktúru”.</span></p>\n<p>Existuje niekoľko dôvodov na znepokojenie ohľadom stavu energetickej infraštruktúry Ukrajiny. Keď sa Európa blíži k nadchádzajúcej zime, energetický sektor Ukrajiny sa nachádza v riziku. Keď začala plnohodnotná invázia Ruska vo februári 2024, Rusi <a href=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c984l87l2w6o\">zabrali a ovládli</a> <a href=\"https://www.economist.com/europe/2022/03/04/europes-largest-nuclear-plant-shuts-down-after-a-russian-attack\">Jadrovú elektráreň Zaporizhzhia</a> (ZNPP), veľkého dodávateľa energie na Ukrajine. Po týchto udalostiach Rusi <a href=\"https://www.diplomaticourier.com/posts/one-year-on-russia-continues-ecological-warfare-in-ukraine\">ostreľovali</a> ZNPP. To znepokojilo Organizáciu Spojených národov, Medzinárodnú agentúru pre atómovú energiu a Agentúru pre jadrovú energiu.</p>\n<p>Okrem toho Rusi <a href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/europe/russia-ukraine-nuclear-zelensky-un-intl/index.html\">zničili</a> množstvo tepelných elektrární po celej Ukrajine. Rusi tiež cielili na hydroelektrickú kapacitu Ukrajiny. Nakoniec Rusko <a href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2024/0904/russia-attack-ukrainian-electric-grid\">spustilo</a> množstvo útokov na ukrajinské elektrické siete.</p>\n<p>Táto devastácia mala významný dopad na energetickú infraštruktúru Ukrajiny. Ak Ukrajinci nebudú schopní opraviť poškodené alebo zničené energetické zariadenia pred zimou, ocitnú sa v náročnej situácii.</p>\n<p>Ukrajinci sa vyrovnali s chladnými zimami aj vtedy, keď Rusi zasahovali do energetických a plynových dodávok Kyjeva. Ale s neustálym ostreľovaním zariadení v krajine sa Ukrajinci ocitli v ťažšej situácii.</p>\n<p>Od plnohodnotnej invázie Ruska musela Ukrajina šetriť energiou. Existujú <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">správy o výpadkoch</a> v rôznych regiónoch po celej krajine na šetrenie tepla a elektriny. Táto zima môže byť brutálnejšia a obyvatelia budú musieť šetriť svoju energiu, pretože sa odhaduje, že výpadky by mohli dosiahnuť až <a href=\"https://kyivindependent.com/ukraines-energy-supplier-ukrainians-may-have-electricity-for-6-7-hours-per-day-in-winter/\">20 hodín denne</a>. Inými slovami, pre Ukrajinu je dôležité zabezpečiť, aby jej energetický sektor bol pripravený prežiť ďalšiu ťažkú zimu.</p>\n<p>Pre Ukrajinu nie sú tieto energetické riziká nič nové. Pred plnohodnotnou inváziou v roku 2022 boli Ukrajinci vystavení ruským útokom na svoj energetický sektor. Napríklad v roku 2015 Ukrajinci <a href=\"https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-alerts/ir-alert-h-16-056-01\">zažili výpadky elektriny</a> uprostred zimy v decembri 2015. Čoskoro sa zistilo, že Rusko spustilo kybernetický útok na energetickú infraštruktúru Ukrajiny. Tisíce Ukrajincov boli dočasne bez elektriny. Potom, v roku 2016, Rusi <a href=\"https://jsis.washington.edu/news/cyberattack-critical-infrastructure-russia-ukrainian-power-grid-attacks/\">spustili</a> podobný kybernetický útok, keď zasahovali do energetických dodávok Kyjeva. Odvtedy sa ruské kybernetické útoky na ukrajinskú energetickú infraštruktúru stali bežnými.</p>\n<p>Tieto udalosti pomohli Ukrajine posilniť jej energetickú infraštruktúru a krajina zlepšila svoje kybernetické obrany. Ale tieto zlepšenia nemali šancu proti ruským leteckým bombardovaniam. Od roku 2022 sa Ukrajinci usilovne snažili riešiť problémy spôsobené ruskými raketovými útokmi, najmä počas zimných mesiacov.</p>\n<p>Ukrajina predtým uspela počas predchádzajúcich dvoch zim, ale tentoraz to bude iné. Doteraz ruské bombardovania <a href=\"https://time.com/7008613/ukraine-russia-power-sector-frontline/#:~:text=Some%2060%25%20of%20Ukraine's%20power,reach%2020%20hours%20per%20day.\">zničili</a> 60 percent kapacity výroby elektriny na Ukrajine. Okrem toho Ukrajina prežíva svoje najhoršie kolísavé výpadky elektriny od začiatku plnohodnotnej ruské invázie vo februári 2022.</p>\n<p>Ukrajinci naliehavo pracujú na riešení týchto obáv. Jednou z možností je <a href=\"https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/06/11/russia-attacks-ukraine-energy-infrastructure-power-plants-electricity/\">obnoviť</a> svoje poškodené a zničené energetické zariadenia. Zároveň iní <a href=\"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/23/winter-and-the-bumpy-road-ahead-for-ukraine\">siahli</a> po možnosti jadrovej energie na stabilizáciu dodávok elektriny v krajine počas tohto kritického obdobia.</p>\n<p>Existuje však niekoľko výziev spojených s týmito prístupmi. Po prvé, Ukrajina nemá dostatočné protilietadlové systémy a muníciu na to, aby sa <a href=\"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2024/04/22/europe-struggles-to-strengthen-ukraine-s-air-defense-system_6669152_4.html\">bránila</a> proti ruským útokom. To ponecháva jej infraštruktúru vystavenú a komplikuje to aj obnovovacie úsilie. Okrem toho je Ukrajina stále vystavená ruským bombardovaniam. Ak Ukrajina nebude schopná chrániť svoju energetickú infraštruktúru pred súčasnými a budúcimi útokmi z Moskvy, potom by tieto obnovovacie snahy boli bezvýznamné. Napokon, táto infraštruktúra by bola opäť zničená v ruských útokoch. Hrozba útokov na tieto obnovovacie snahy tiež sťažuje Ukrajine získavať peniaze prostredníctvom investícií na tieto obnovovacie úsilie.</p>\n<p>Tieto výzvy nemožno ignorovať. Avšak Ukrajinci môžu mať možnosti, ako zvýšiť svoju kapacitu výroby energie pred zimou. Napríklad by Ukrajina mohla usilovať o zlepšenie svojej väčšej prepojenosti elektrických sietí. Keď začala ruská invázia na Ukrajinu <a href=\"https://euobserver.com/news/ar8ec3bccc\">“Ukrajinci <a href=\"https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/2-years-ukraine-and-moldova-synchronised-electricity-grids-eu-2024-03-15_en\">synchronizovali</a> svoje elektrické siete s Kontinentálnou európskou sieťou. To pomohlo Ukrajine ‘<a href=\"https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/37851\">stabilizovať svoj elektrický systém</a>’.” Taktiež to urobilo energetický sektor Ukrajiny menej závislým na Rusku. Hľadanie iných ciest na prerušenie väzieb s ruskou energiou a posilnenie integrácie s Európou by mohlo byť účinné.</p>\n<p>Po druhé, decentralizované energetické systémy môžu pomôcť riešiť energetické problémy Ukrajiny. Napríklad výstavba <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">decentralizovaných energetických zdrojov</a> by urobila ukrajinskú energetickú infraštruktúru menej náchylnou na ruské útoky. Miestne samosprávy <a href=\"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-economy/3896960-decentralisation-of-the-energy-system-is-a-recipe-for-salvation-in-wartime-and-beyond.html\">nasadili</a> malé plynové turbíny na napájanie domácností, nemocníc a základných služieb. Hoci ide o dočasné riešenie pre Ukrajinu na prípravu na nadchádzajúcu zimu, Ukrajinci budú musieť spolupracovať s energetickými odborníkmi na vytvorenie dlhodobého riešenia.</p>\n<p>Stručne povedané, Ukrajina preteká s časom, aby sa pripravila na potenciálne temnú zimu. Prioritizácia odolnosti energetickej infraštruktúry Ukrajiny je nevyhnutná. Ukrajinská vláda musí podniknúť kroky na zabezpečenie toho, aby energetické požiadavky boli splnené po celej krajine. To by malo zahŕňať posilnenie kritických energetických zariadení proti kybernetickým útokom a fyzickým hrozbám, ako aj vypracovanie plánov na rýchlu obnovu elektriny v prípade narušení. Riešenie týchto problémov pomôže Ukrajincom pripraviť sa na nadchádzajúcu brutálnu a temnú zimu. Inak môže Ukrajina trpieť.</p>\n<p><strong>Mark Temnycky</strong> je <a href=\"https://wakelet.com/@MTemnycky\">akreditovaný nezávislý novinár</a> pokrývajúci eurázijské záležitosti a <a href=\"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/expert/mark-temnycky/\">nebydlící člen</a> v Atlantic Council Eurasia Center.</p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> </span></p>",
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                key:"summary": string:"<I>Táto zima prirodzene predstavuje množstvo výziev pre Ukrajinu, keďže pokračuje vo svojom boji proti invázii Moskvy. V skutočnosti podmienky počas predchádzajúcich dvoch zim len zhoršili problémy na frontovej línii. Napriek tomu môžu problémy súvisiace s infraštruktúrou spraviť nadchádzajúce mesiace obzvlášť ťažkými pre Kyjev.</I>",
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